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Gastrointestinal
Exam 1 Path 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the cause of Bovine Papular stomatitis | Parapox |
| Vesicular lesions is the mouth are usually caused by | Viruses |
| If there are vesicular lesions in mouth, what must you differentiate from? | Foot and mouth disease |
| How do you differentiate vesicular oral lesions | PCR |
| What is the cause of Foot and mouth disease? | Picornavirus |
| Which is the only vesicular disease in horses | Vesicular Stomatitis (Rhabdovirus) |
| What does calicivirus cause in pigs | exanthema |
| What does calicivirus cause in cats | ulcerative stomatitis |
| What are some differentials for erosive and ulcerative stomatitis in ruminants | BVDV, Herpes, MCF ad Orbivirus |
| What is the cause of BVDV | Pestivirus |
| What are the two strains of BVDV | cytopathic and non-cytopathic |
| BVDV causes what two forms of GI disease (what is the mort/morb rate) | Viral-low mort, high morbid. Mucosal- high mort, low morb |
| pathogenesis of persistent bvdv | exposure during day 30-110 of gestation |
| Cause of Malignant Catarrhal fever | Ovine Herpes virus |
| What does MCF cause in cow | fever, diarrhea, can cause hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and death |
| What is the main microscopic lesion of MCF | Vasculitis |
| What are the systemic diseases that present as inflamm lesions on tounge | Uremic glossitis, Candida pseudomembranous glossitis |
| Bacterial infections (in oral) leads to | pyogranulomatous stomatitides |
| Actinomyces bovis causes | lumpy jaw, osteomyelitis with fibrosis |
| Actinobacillus lignieresii causes | Wooden tounge, glossitis w/ fibrosis +/- lymphadenitis |
| How does a cow get actino bovis? | Enters through soft tissue wound and extends into bone |
| What is required for a diagnosis for eosinophilic granuloma | Biopsy |
| Pathogenesis of enamel hypoplasia | ameloblast destruction |
| Peripheral odontogenic fibroma comes from | peridontal ligament |
| Clin signs of megaesophagus | regurg, emaciation, dehydration |
| Sequela of megaesophagus | aspiration pneumonia |
| Aquired megaesophagus dilation is usually more | diffuse |
| Esophagitis due to nematode pathogenesis | spirocera lupi larvae migrate from stomach-> aorta-> adults stay in esophagus and cause granulomatous/ fibrous inflamm |
| Papillomas in cows can occur in | mouth, esophagus, and forestomachs |
| What can cause esophageal strictures? | Food bolus-> pressure necrosis or ulcerative esophagitis from virus or caustic substance |
| Ruminal acidosis pathogenesis | high grain diet->alters microbiota->increase lactic acid-> decrease pH-> ruminal atony and increase osmotic pressure->hypovolemia->circulatory collapse |
| Clin signs for ruminal acidosis | distended abdomen |
| What are the common causes of bacterial rumenitis | Truepurella and fusobacterium after ruminal acidosis |
| What are the common causes of mycotic rumenitis | aspergillus or zygomycetes (rhizopus, mucor, adsidia) |
| What are the possible results of traumatic reticuloperitonitis | Epi/pericarditis or peritonitis |
| 2 types of bloat | primary- frothy when fed legumes. secondary- obstruction. Cant burp it out |
| Abomasitis is usually associate with | clostridium in young calves 2-6 weeks |
| What would you see with abomasitis? | Young calves dead after a history of abdominal distension. There will be lesions in abomasum |
| Chronic gastritis usually has a history of | poor food quality, or chronic dietary indiscretions |
| Chronic gastritis gross lesions | Thickened rugae |
| Chronic gastritis microscopic lesions | lymphoplasmacytic gastritis |
| Uremic gastritis gross lesions | edema, congestion, thick rugae |
| Uremic gastritis microscopic lesions | calcification of glands, vessels, and mucosa |
| Haemunchus contortus pathogenesis | Anemia and hypoprotenimia->decreased oncotic pressure->pale MM |
| Draschia megastoma intermediate | Fly |
| GDV movement | Greater curvature moves ventrally, duodenum moves caudal dorsal. |
| GDV pathogenesis | Decreased BF to heart-> shock, myocardial dysfunction |
| Stomach neoplasia in dog | adenocarcinoma and leiyomyoma |
| Stomach neoplasia in horse | SCC |
| Stomach neoplasia in cat, cow and --dog-- | lymphoma |
| Mechanisms of diarrhea, which are a consequence (marked with *) of diarrhea | Hypersecretion, malabsorption, altered motility*, increased permeability*, maldigestion* |
| Hypersecretion occurs at which level and what does it secrete | Crypt, secretes Na+, Cl- and H20 |
| Hypersecretions are mediated by | Inflammatory mediators and enterotoxins |
| Malabsoprtion is due to | blunting of microvilli/ villi-> decreased surface area for absorption->crypt hyperplasia |
| What pathogens can cause malabsorption | Viruses: Rota, corona. Bacteria: E.coli (EPEC and EHEC), Parasites: Cryptosporidium parvum |
| Altered motility can be seen with | hypersecretions |
| Increased permeability can be seen in | Any enteritis that results in epithelial dmg, usually associated with protein losing enteropathies |
| Maldigestion can be secondary to | villus atrophy and exocrine pancreas insufficiency |
| Parvovirus (Feline panleukopenia and parvo dog) | Segmental hyperemia, severe crypt necorosis. Lack of replacements of enterocytes |
| Sequela of enteritis | intessuception |
| Difference between parvo and corona | has crypt necrosis versus crypt regeneration |
| Pythiosis pathogenesis | ingest oomycte->granulomatous enteritis->obstruction |
| Forms of IBD | Lymphoplasmacytic, eosinophilic, histiocytic/ulcerative |
| Histiocytic ulcerative colitis is associated w/ | boxers, frenchies, invasive E.coli. PAS stain on foamy histiocytes |
| Lymphangiectasia definition | dilation of lymph vessel |
| How do you differentiate GIST from smooth muscle tumor? | IHC e-kit |
| Differentials for perianal masses | Gland tumor (usually benign), Agasaca |
| Congenital abnormalities | atresia coli and colonic aganglionosis |
| Main causes of neonatal diarrhea | Viral: rota/corona, Parasitic: Crypto, coccidia, Bacterial: Patho E.coli |
| Rota/coronavirus | villus tip damaged, crypts spared. Usually in young (under 2 weeks) |
| Porcine enteric coronavirus | Transmissible, HIGH MORTALITY. Severe villus atrophy |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | intercellular but extracytoplasmic, only shows signs in young. Villus atrophy+crypt hyperplasia. ZOONOTIC, immediate |
| Coccidia | Caused by isospora suis (pig), eimeria (cow). Villus atrophy. In villus enterocytes and crypt cells |
| E.coli pathogenesis | Make shiga toxins-> enterocyte lysis |
| E. coli in pigs | Blepharedema |
| Lawsonia intracellularis | Affects ileum, looks like brain. Crypt proliferation. Proliferative enteritis |
| Which salmonella has the widest range | typhimurium |
| What will you see in salmonella in pigs | rectal strictures |
| Salmonella | Acute enterocolitis from neutrophil influx -> fibrinonecrotic and supperative enterocolitis |
| Salmonella in horses | Many asymptomatic and shed with stress |
| C. Perf A and C | hemorrhagic enteritis |
| C. Perf D | enterotoxemia, pulpy kidney, focal encephalomalacia |
| Colitis X | Dx of rule out |
| Ruminant only dDx | Mucosal BVDV, Johne's |
| Equine only dDx | Rhodo equi, neorickettsiosis |
| Pig only dDx | brachypira hyodysenteriae |
| Causes of a small pancreas | prolonged starvation, chronic obstruction or inflamm, juvenile atrophy. |
| Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency | German shepherds, dx via TLI in blood. See maldigestion -> watery stool |
| Acute pancreatic necrosis | Autodigestion and activate clotting cascade. Looks like chalky deposits. |
| Acute pancreatitis | Similar to acute pancreatic necrosis |
| Pancreatitis cats | supperative from ascending infection. Associated with IBD and cholangitis |
| Consequence of severe pancreatitis (pathogen) | severe inflamm, releasing enzyme -> widespread vascular disease -> shock, DIC -> death |
| Chronic pancreatitis | from repeat pancreatic necrosis or pancreatitis, shrunken and multinodular |
| Acute zinc toxicity | Degeneration and necrosis of acinar cells. Hemolytic anemia |
| Chronic zinc toxicity | Acinar atrophy and fibrosis. Hemolytic anemia |
| Exocrine nodular hyperplasia | Incidental finding, grossly similar to pancreatitis |
| Exocrine pancreatic carcinoma | Rare, metastizes easily, seeds in abdomen (carcinomatosis). In cats associated with paraneoplastic syndrome (symetrical alopecia of ventral trunk). |
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