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NURS 319: Eye & Ear
Chapters 43 and 44: Eyes and Ears
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 layers of the eye | sclera, choroid, retina |
| some basic functions of the eye | light rays pass through to get to retina, pupils dilate and constrict, nerve impulses travel through, vision, nerve fibers travel |
| diagnostic tests used for the eye | amsler grid, tonometry, perimetry, slit-lamp examination, ishihara color chart, ultrasonography, fluorescein dye, snellen chart |
| myopia | nearsightedness (distant vision is blurred) |
| hyperopia | farsightedness (near vision is blurred) |
| presbyopia | decreased elasticity of the lens, things get blurry (aging) |
| astigmatism | irregularity in the curve of the cornea |
| amblyopia | lazy eye |
| strabismus | crossed eyes |
| normal vision | 20/200 |
| blindness is considered vision that cannot be corrected to better than | 20/200 |
| blepharitis | infection of the eyelid |
| how is blepharitis characterized? | dry, gritty sensation in the eye and photophobia |
| photophobia | abnormal sensitivity to light |
| stye (hordeolum) | bacterial infection at the root of the eyelid |
| chalazion | blockage of the meibomian gland near the margin of the eyelid |
| keratitis | inflammation of the cornea |
| most causative agent of keratitis | Herpes simplex virus |
| what can keratitis lead to? | blindness |
| which infection is caused by contact lenses contaminated with ameba? | acanthamoeba keratitis |
| keratoconjunctivitis sicca | associated with autoimmune disorders |
| keratoconjunctivitis key symptoms | dry eye/ reduced tear production |
| dacryocystitis | inflammation of the lacrimal sac |
| who is dacryocystitis most common in? | older than 40 years old (peak age 70) |
| dacryocystitis symptoms | eye pain, swelling around eye, redness/ skin darkening, absess/sore in inner corner of eyelid, fever |
| scleritis | inflammation of the sclera |
| what is scleritis associated with? | autoimmune disorders |
| where does scleritis pain radiate to? | eyebrow or temple |
| who is most likely to have scleritis | autoimmune |
| most common type of eye injury | corneal abrasion |
| how is corneal abrasion diagnosed? | slit-lamp examination, Wood's Lamp, fluorescein dye |
| who is at greatest risk for corneal abrasion? | contact lense wearers |
| corneal abrasion symptoms | gritty eye, photophobia |
| what else could cause corneal abrasion? | impalation |
| 3 types of conjunctivitis | pink eye, bacterial/ viral/ fungal, allergic |
| pink eye | inflammation of bulbar conjunctiva and palpebar conjunctiva |
| bacterial/viral/ fungal conjunctivitis | type of discharge |
| allergic conjunctivitis | airborne antigens |
| glaucoma | swelling of optic nerve caused by increased intraocular pressure |
| glaucoma symptoms | vision loss |
| glaucoma risk factors | older than 40, ethnicity, history of migraine headaches, cardiovascular disease |
| glaucoma causes | elevated intraocular pressure |
| glaucoma pathology | Primary open-angle: silent, slow progression primary angle-closure: sudden progression |
| glaucoma diagnosis | increase optic cup to optic disc ratio on fundoscopic exam |
| DM retinopathy risk factors | high glucose levels/ diabetes mellitus |
| DM retinopathy causes | damage to vessels of retina |
| DM retinopathy pathology | increase in vessels, vision begins to blur and poor night vision |
| DM retinopathy diagnosis | slit-lamp examination and fundoscopic exam |
| cataracts risk factors | advancing age, smoking, obesity, diabetes, exposure to UV light |
| cataracts causes | fetus infection (rubella, syphilis, CMV) |
| cataracts pathology | excessive growth of epithelial layer of lens |
| cataracts diagnosis | tonometry, visual acuity, dilated eye exam, US, CT, MRI |
| age-related macular degeneration risk factors | aging |
| age-related macular degeneration causes | combination of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors |
| age-related macular degeneration pathology | retina portion that provides central vision begins to deteriorate leading to development of blind spot (leads to loss of vision slowly) |
| age-related macular degeneration diagnosis | ansler grid to measure central vision |
| two functions of the ear | balance and hearing |
| which parts of the ear are responsible for balance and hearing? | both: inner ear outer ear is hearing only |
| decibel | unit to describe the loudness of sound |
| whisper decibel level | 0-20 dB |
| normal conversation decibel level | 60 dB |
| hearing | greater than 85 dB |
| mild hearing loss | difficulty following conversations |
| moderate hearing loss | hearing aid to hear normal conversations |
| severe hearing loss | can hear speaking, but cannot make out words |
| profound hearing loss | hearing aids, lip reading, sign language |
| conductive hearing loss | disorder of sound transmission from the outer or middle ear to the receptors of the middle ear |
| what causes conductive hearing loss? | impacted cerumen + otitis media |
| sensorineural hearing loss | disorder of inner ear, auditory nerve or auditory pathway in the brain |
| sensoirneural hearing loss causes | loss of stereocilia |
| mixed hearing loss | combination of both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss |
| presbycusis | gradual loss of hair cells in cochlea |
| tinnitus | perception of abnormal sounds in the head or ear and can be a ringing |
| tinnitus causes | CN VIII disorders, prolonged noise exposure, infection, medications, Meniere's disease |
| vertigo | sense of the "room spinning"; different from dizziness |
| diagnostic tests for ear disorders | audiometry, tympanogram, genetic testing, MRI/CT scan, audio brainstem response testing, otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) |
| most common cause of reversible hearing loss | blockages |
| otitis externa | swimmers ear |
| otitis externa causes | infectious agents, allergies, water in ear canal |
| otitis externa symptoms | painful, redness, tenderness, drainage |
| otitis media | ear infection of the middle ear |
| who is at greatest risk for otitis media and why? | young children, eustachian tubes are more horizontal than vertical- harder for ear to completely drain |
| otitis media symptoms | fever and earache |
| where is the tympanic membrane? | middle/ inner ear |
| what can cause the tympanic membrane to rupture? | infection/ trauma/ build up of fluid that won't drain |
| what are the symptoms if the tympanic membrane ruptures? | buzzing sound, ear ache, hearing loss |
| otosclerosis | callus on the stapes which leads to a decrease in vibrations from limited ossicle movement |
| what type of hearing loss does otosclerosis cause? | progressive hearing loss |
| meniere's disease | changes in fluid volume in bony and membranous labyrinth |
| meniere's disease symptoms | progressive hearing loss + Tinnitus |
| who does meniere's disease affect? | ages 40-50 most often |
Created by:
lcorlew1
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