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AP GOV FINAL
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Constitution | Americas Fundamental law |
| Popular Sovereignty | the principle that a government's power comes from the consent of the people |
| Checks and Balances | a system in government where powers are divided among different branches (legislative, executive, judicial) |
| Limited Government Participatory | a system where governmental power is restricted by law |
| Paritcipatory Democracy | a system where citizens are deeply involved in making political decisions and shaping policies |
| Pluralist Democracy | a political system where power is distributed among many competing interest groups |
| Elite Democracy | A small group of wealthy educated indivuduals. |
| Federalists | Supporter of U.S consititution advocating for national government with shared power between federal and state levels |
| Anti-Federalists | a political group in the late 18th century who opposed the ratification of the U.S. Constitution |
| Fed 10 | a foundational essay arguing that a large, representative republic is the best way to control the dangers of "factions" |
| Brutus 1 | a foundational Anti-Federalist essay arguing against the ratification of the U.S. Constitution |
| Articles of Confederation | the first governing document of the United States |
| Electoral College | a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president. |
| 3/5ths compromise | only three out of every five enslaved people would be counted in a state's total population |
| Commerce and slave trade compromise | Southern states agreed to federal control over commerce (including tariffs) if Northern states allowed the international slave trade to continue until 1808 |
| Connecticut compromise | a crucial agreement at the 1787 Constitutional Convention that created a bicameral (two-house) legislature |
| Bill Of Rights | the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, ratified in 1791 and guaranteeing such rights as the freedoms of speech, assembly, and worship |
| Enumerated Powers | are the specific, limited authorities explicitly granted to the U.S. federal government, primarily Congress, by the Constitution |
| Necessary and proper clause | grants Congress the power to make all laws "necessary and proper" |
| Reserved powers | governmental authorities not explicitly given to the federal government nor denied to the states by the U.S. Constitution, instead being held by the states or the people, |
| Concurrent powers | governmental authorities shared by both federal and state governments in a federal system |
| Due process clause | government actors must follow certain procedures before they may deprive a person of a protected life, liberty, or property interest. |
| Commerce clause | grants Congress the power to regulate trade with foreign nations, among states, and with Native American tribes |
| Equal Protection Clause | requires states to provide equal legal protection to all people within their jurisdiction |
| Supremacy Clause | establishes that the Constitution, federal laws made pursuant to it, and treaties are the "supreme Law of the Land," meaning federal law overrides conflicting state laws |
| Swing state | a state where the two major political parties have similar levels of support among voters, viewed as important in determining the overall result of a presidential election. |
| Primary Debate And Elections | the process by which a political party selects its candidate to run in the subsequent general election. |
| Republicans | a person advocating or supporting republican government. |
| Democrats | an advocate or supporter of democracy. |
| Libertarian | an advocate or supporter of a political philosophy that advocates only minimal state intervention in the free market and the private lives of citizens. |
| Special intrest Group | organizations or subgroups of people who unite around a common goal |
| Political party | organized group with similar political aims that works to gain and exercise power by electing its members to office |
| The Media | communication channels that connect citizens to government |
| Rational choice voting | voters make decisions based on a calculated analysis of which candidate or party will best serve their individual self-interest |
| Prospective voting | voters make decisions based on their expectations of how candidates will perform in the future |
| Retrospective Voting | voters make decisions by evaluating the past performance |
| Straight ticket voting | a practice that allows a voter to select a single political party's entire slate of candidates for every partisan office on the ballot with just one mark or selection |
| The supreme court | the highest judicial body in the U.S |
| Selective incorporation | a constitutional doctrine where the U.S. Supreme Court applies specific protections from the Bill of Rights to state governments, to ensure states can't infringe on fundamental individual liberties |
| Civil liberties | fundamental freedoms protecting individuals from government intrusion, ensuring rights like free speech, religion, and assembly, primarily guaranteed by a constitution (protection from gov) |
| Civil Rights | legal protections and entitlements guaranteeing equal treatment, opportunities, and freedoms for all individuals |
| Due process | the government must give people a chance to defend themselves in a fair hearing before infringing on their rights |
| Habeas corpus | requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court, especially to secure the person's release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention. |
| Civil rights act of 1964 | federal law that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin |
| Voting rights act of 1965 | federal law that prohibits racial discrimination in voting |
| Title IX of the educational Amendments of 1972 | federal civil rights law prohibiting sex-based discrimination in any education program or activity receiving federal funds |
| The senate | legislative body, often the upper house of a national legislature |
| The House of Repersentatives | one of the two chambers of Congress forming the legislative branch that makes federal laws, with 435 members representing states based on population |
| Fillibuster | a U.S. Senate tactic where a minority of senators delays or blocks a vote on a bill by talking endlessly or threatening to |
| Rules commitee | decides which bills are debated, when, for how long, and which amendments are allowed |
| Mandatory spending | government spending required by existing law, primarily for entitlement programs like Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid |
| Discretionary spending | the part of the budget Congress decides on and approves each year through appropriations bills |
| pork-barrell legislation | when politicians get government funds for local projects (like bridges, dams, or jobs) in their own districts, even if they don't serve a broad national need, just to please voters |
| Logroll Legislation | lawmakers agree to support each other's pet projects or bills, even if they don't care much about them, in exchange for the other legislator's vote on a bill that's important to them |
| Oversight Commitee | a group that watches over another group, program, or organization to ensure it's working correctly |
Created by:
JellyfishGriddy
Popular American Government sets