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ch 7 gov
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| principled journalsim | reporting aimed to be accurate, fair, balanced, and in the public interest, guided by fact‑checking and verification. |
| what is the FCC's role? | Federal agency regulating radio and television communications and licensing broadcasters to manage spectrum and content standards. |
| agenda-setting mechanism | Media prioritizes topics by coverage, making those issues perceived as more important to the public and policymakers. |
| Mainstream news structure | Institutions aim for balance by separating news and opinion, fact-checking, and gatekeeping to present multiple perspectives. |
| investigative journalism mechanism | Systematic probing: fact‑checking, using unpaid or confidential sources, verifying documents, and exposing wrongdoing over extended research. |
| FCC license renewal period | Broadcast licenses issued by the FCC must be renewed every five years. |
| Framing process | Media presents information from a perspective that highlights certain interpretations, shaping how audiences understand issues. |
| inform the public | Media convey facts and events to large audiences so citizens learn about current political issues and government actions. |
| watergate evidence | Investigative press uncovered Nixon-era crimes, prompting his 1974 resignation and demonstrating media's role exposing political corruption. |
| Adversarial journalism mechanism | Adopts skeptical or hostile posture toward officials, acting as watchdog by challenging authority and scrutinizing government actions. |
| Partisan media structure | Organizations prioritize opinion and affirmation, presenting information consistent with consumers' preexisting beliefs rather than neutral balance. |
| equal time rule | Requires broadcasters to provide political candidates equal opportunities to communicate their messages to the public. |
| priming effect | Media calls attention to some issues over others, altering the criteria voters use when evaluating political actors. |
| media effects on tolerance | Digital media diversity can lower tolerance for social, religious, and political diversity by reinforcing partisan exposure and limiting cross-cutting viewpoints. |
| Right of Rebuttal | An FCC rule allowing individuals the right to respond to personal attacks broadcast about them on radio or TV. |
| Profit motive in media | Private ownership and advertising revenue incentivize attention-grabbing, entertaining content, influencing news selection and emphasis. |
| provide a public forum | Media create spaces for candidates, politicians, and the public to debate policies and political issues openly. |
| Daniel Ellsberg's role | Ellsberg leaked the Pentagon Papers, revealing Vietnam War information and exemplifying whistleblower evidence used by media. |
| news aggregators | Websites that compile news from many online sources into one platform or page. |
| how diversity reduces tolerance | Social media algorithms and search engines create filter bubbles and confirmation bias, reducing exposure to opposing views and lowering tolerance. |
| broadcast vs print regulation | Radio and TV are regulated by the FCC; print and online media are largely free from government regulation. |
| political knowledge trends | Although political information availability increased, average levels of political knowledge have not risen. |
| misinformation as a limitation | Misinformation limits media effectiveness because false negative stories spread easily, undermining public trust and informed debate. |
| How aggregators reduce filtering? | They present news from many sources, which can lessen partisan or filtered media by offering diverse perspectives. |
| Act as a watchdog | Media investigate and report on government actions, exposing misconduct and holding officials accountable through reporting and leaks. |
| Examples of media monopolies | Major global corporations owning many outlets: Disney, AT&T, Fox, Comcast. |
| WikiLeaks as instrument | An organization publishing classified documents online, enabling anonymous leakers to release government materials to the public. |
| How viral stories spread | Negative stories can go viral quickly without being fact‑checked, amplifying harm before corrections can circulate. |
| Role of social media | Convenient, diverse, interactive source that provides news, opinions, citizen journalism, and friend postings. |
| What is filtered media? | A situation where audiences receive a narrow set of news due to selective sourcing or personalization mechanisms. |
| Broadcast media | Communication via TV and radio reaching mass audiences, used for alerts and breaking news; major broadcasters include NBC, ABC, CBS. |
| Media conglomerate structure | A conglomerate aggregates diverse media businesses under one corporate owner to centralize control and enable cross-promotion. |
| Media and political issues | Media frame, inform, and enable debate about political issues, shaping public awareness and agenda-setting in democracies. |
| Role of fact‑checking | Fact‑checking helps verify news; about 80% of Americans say they fact‑check stories themselves. |
| How do algorithms tailor content? | Software analyzes user interactions and prior data to present additional content aligned with individual interests. |
| Facebook news usage | As of 2020, 36% of U.S. adults got news from Facebook, making it a major adult news source. |
| Media as watchdog | The media monitors government actions, informing the public and holding politicians accountable through reporting and investigation. |
| NPR (public radio) | National Public Radio (NPR): a radio source associated with higher levels of political knowledge among listeners. |
| Impact on opinion diversity | Concentrated ownership limits competition, making it harder for different opinions and voices to be expressed. |
| Political polarization definition | Process where political attitudes cluster into opposing camps, increasing ideological distance and reducing cross-cutting consensus. |
| How algorithms customize content | Software analyzes viewing, likes, comments and prior user data to present content tailored to individual interests. |
| Leaks and whistleblowers | Journalists sometimes rely on leaks and whistleblowers to obtain evidence of government wrongdoing for public disclosure. |
| Types of social media content | Includes news, opinions, pieces, citizen journalism, and postings from friends, offering varied perspectives and formats. |
| Newspapers | Oldest news medium; now read by about 5% of Americans, popular in late 19th century, often neutral to attract large audiences. |
| Confirmation bias mechanism | Tendency to favor information that confirms preexisting beliefs while discounting disconfirming evidence, reinforcing political views. |
| Filter bubbles mechanism | Algorithm-driven environments expose users primarily to information matching their beliefs, personalizing experience and isolating opposing viewpoints. |
| Algorithms' role in polarization | Platforms analyze viewing and interaction data to tailor content, amplifying like-minded information and strengthening filter bubbles. |
| Effects on tolerance and knowledge | Digital media diversity can lower social and political tolerance; more information exists but average political knowledge has not increased. |
| Trust in media evidence | Trust in media rose during COVID‑19 because people needed reliable, important information. |
| Distrust increased under Trump | Distrust grew when Trump labeled major newspapers and broadcasters as “fake news,” decreasing public trust. |
| Fake news and effects | Negative stories can go viral (sometimes via foreign actors), undermining trust; about 80% of Americans say they fact‑check news themselves. |
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