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Hard gov
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is Federalism? | A system of government where power is divided between national and state governments. |
| Dual Federalism (Layer Cake) | National and state governments operate in separate spheres with distinct responsibilities (1789–1930s). |
| Cooperative Federalism (Marble Cake) | National and state governments share powers and responsibilities (New Deal–present). |
| Fiscal Federalism | The use of federal money (grants) to influence state policies. |
| Categorical Grants | Federal money given to states for a specific, narrowly defined purpose. |
| Block Grants | Federal money given for broad purposes; more state control. |
| Mandates | Federal requirements states must follow (can be funded or unfunded). |
| Commerce Clause impact on Federalism | Greatly expands federal power by allowing regulation of interstate commerce. |
| 10th Amendment role in Federalism | Reserves powers to the states; basis for states’ rights arguments. |
| Supremacy Clause in Federalism | National law outranks state law when they conflict. |
| Federalist No. 10 (Madison) | Factions are inevitable; a large republic controls them best. |
| Federalist No. 51 | Separation of powers and checks & balances prevent tyranny. |
| Federalist No. 70 (Hamilton) | Argues for a single, energetic executive. |
| Federalist No. 78 (Hamilton) | Justifies judicial review and life terms for judges. |
| Brutus No. 1 | Anti-Federalist argument; fears a large republic will become tyrannical. |
| Declaration of Independence | Lists grievances against the King; establishes natural rights and consent of the governed. |
| Articles of Confederation | First U.S. government; weak central government; no power to tax or regulate commerce. |
| Constitution | Framework of U.S. government; strong central government with separation of powers. |
| Letter from Birmingham Jail | MLK argues for civil disobedience against unjust laws. |
| Delegate Model | Representatives follow the will of their constituents exactly. |
| Trustee Model | Representatives use their own judgment to make decisions. |
| Politico Model | Representatives combine delegate and trustee behaviors depending on the issue. |
| Main role of Congress | Make laws. |
| Main role of the President | Enforce/execute laws. |
| Congress checks on President | Override veto, confirm appointments, impeach/remove. |
| President checks on Congress | Veto bills, call special sessions. |
| Congress powers (enumerated) | Taxing, spending, declaring war, regulating interstate commerce, coining money. |
| Presidential powers (formal) | Commander-in-chief, treaties, appointments, veto, pardon. |
| Presidential informal powers | Executive orders, bargaining, bully pulpit. |
| Size of House | 435 members. |
| Size of Senate | 100 members. |
| Term length House | 2 years. |
| Term length Senate | 6 years. |
| House constituency | Small districts. |
| Senate constituency | Entire state. |
| House unique powers | Start revenue bills; impeach officials. |
| Senate unique powers | Confirm nominees; approve treaties; trial for impeachments. |
| House leadership | Speaker of the House is the most powerful. |
| Senate leadership | Senate Majority Leader is the most powerful. |
| House debate rules | Strict, limited debate; Rules Committee controls agenda. |
| Senate debate rules | Unlimited debate; filibuster; cloture ends filibuster with 60 votes. |
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Popular American Government sets