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A&P 1
Chap 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the relationship between ATP and creatine phosphate? | Creatine phosphate supplies energy to produce ATP from ADP and phosphate. |
| While examining a sample of muscle tissue under a microscope, you notice that the cells have a single nucleus. The fibers are striated and heavily branched. Which muscle type does this sample contain? | Cardiac muscle |
| What enzyme degrades acetylcholine, keeping it from accumulating in the synapse? | Acetylcholinesterase |
| In blood vessels, small areas of the muscular wall can contract when stimulated without the adjacent areas being stimulated or contracting. Based on this information, what type of muscle is found in the wall of blood vessels? | Multiunit smooth muscle |
| What type of muscle fiber is large in diameter and contains abundant glycogen and relatively few mitochondria? | Fast glycolytic fiber |
| During the motion that extends the upper limb at the elbow, the elbow joint represents which part of the lever? | Fulcrum |
| What structures connect cardiac muscle cells together? | Intercalated discs |
| When acetylcholine binds to its receptors at the motor end plate, the muscle fiber membrane becomes more permeable to__________. | sodium |
| How does smooth muscle compare to skeletal muscle? | Smooth muscle contracts more slowly and relaxes more slowly. |
| What muscle adducts the arm and flexes the shoulder? | Coracobrachialis |
| In a recording of a muscle twitch, a delay occurs between the time a stimulus is applied and the time the muscle responds. What is this delay called? | Latent period |
| What is the function of acetylecholinesterase? | To breakdown acetylcholine |
| Which connective tissue layer is comprised of loose connective tissue? | Endomysium |
| Myofibrils are composed primarily of__________. | actin and myosin |
| What makes up muscle fibers? | Sarcomeres |
| What binds to the exposed cross-bridges on actin? | Myosin |
| Regina began an exercise program six months ago, and the muscles of her upper limbs and lower limbs have become more prominent. How does exercise lead to formation of new muscle? | By stimulating muscle cells to release IL-6, which stimulates satellite cells to divide |
| What occurs during excitation-contraction coupling? | SR cisternae release calcium ions into the cytosol |
| The characteristic reddish brown color of skeletal muscle is due to the presence of which substance? | Myoglobin |
| What characteristics would be found in the muscle fibers stimulated during activities such as distance swimming and distance running? | Slow contracting and fatigue-resistant |
| The triangle of auscultation, commonly used to hear sounds of respiratory organs, is bounded by what muscles? | Trapezius, rhomboid major, and latissimus dorsi |
| A tendon is__________, whereas an aponeurosis is__________. | cordlike and connects muscles to bones; a broad sheet of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles |
| Certain natural plant poisons and animal venoms contain substances that inhibit the function of acetylcholinesterase. If a person is poisoned by one of these substances, which of the following will be the cause of their symptoms? | Muscles will be in a constant state of contraction because acetylcholine won’t be broken down and cleared from the neuromuscular junction. |
| Endomysium separates individual muscle fibers from each other. | True |
| What neurotransmitter is released from motor neurons to stimulate skeletal muscle fibers? | Acetylcholine |
| In a laboratory that studies muscle function, a group of rats are bred that, due to a genetic defect, produce a non-functional version of troponin. As a result, the rats are paralyzed. What explains the impact of this defect on muscle? | Troponin can’t bind calcium ions and, thus, will not change shape nor cause tropomyosin to move away from the binding sites on the thin filament. |
| What is a motor unit? | A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates |
| Arrange the steps of muscle fiber contraction in the correct order: | 4, 1, 3, 6, 2, 5 |
| A runner collapses during their 800-meter race. A medical exam finds that they have lost the ability to plantar flex at the ankle. What muscle has most likely been injured? | Gastrocnemius |
| What organelles are more developed in skeletal muscle cells compared to smooth muscle cells? | ... |
| What makes up the cross-bridges that form during a contraction? | Myosin heads binding to actin |
| What muscle originates at the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae and inserts at the medial border of the scapula? | Levator scapulae |
| What is the functional unit of muscle contraction? | Sarcomere |
| Which statement describes cardiac muscle? | It does not require stimulation by motor neurons. |
| Troponin, tropomyosin and actin are all parts of the thin filaments. | True |
| Recruitment refers to increasing the number of motor units involved in a muscle contraction | True |
| During a muscle contraction, why is ATP required? | To allow myofilament movement |
| What muscle cells are short in length and have centrally located nuclei? | Smooth muscle cells |
| Name the area of the sarcolemma that is part of a neuromuscular junction. | Motor end plate |
| What is the location of the buccinator muscle? | Cheek |
| Where is the location of the vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules? | At distal end of motor axon |
| What type of muscle consists of muscle cells that are separate rather than organized into sheets? | Multiunit smooth muscle |
| Why does oxygen debt develop? | The respiratory and circulatory systems are unable to supply enough oxygen for skeletal muscles to work strenuously for a minute or two. |
| The myosin heads function as ATPase enzymes. | True |
| What happens to the fibers of muscles whose motor neurons have been severed? | The muscle fibers become smaller, losing mitochondria, actin and myosin. |
| Which statement describes the mechanism of muscle contraction? | Actin filaments slide along myosin filaments. |
| During strenuous exercise, when muscles are not being supplied with enough oxygen, a shift in metabolism results in the breakdown of pyruvic acid to lactic acid. What is this change in metabolism called? | Lactic acid threshold |
| What is a threshold stimulus? | Minimum stimulus strength required to contract a muscle fiber |
| What causes the striated appearance of skeletal muscle fibers? | Organization of components of the sarcomeres |
| A motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it innervates form a motor unit. | True |
| What type of muscle fiber will be more resistant to fatigue? | Slow oxidative fiber |
| Name the area of the sarcolemma that is part of a neuromuscular junction. | Motor end plate |
| In a laboratory that studies muscle function, a group of rats are bred that, due to a genetic defect, have myosin heads which bind ADP irreversibly. As a result, the rats are paralyzed. What explains the impact of this defect on muscle? | Because ADP is permanently bound, the myosin heads will be irreversibly cross-bridged with the actin binding sites on the thin filament. |
| Which of the following is the functional connection between a neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber? | Synapse |
| What term describes a muscle that opposes a particular action? | Antagonist |
| Which of these options lists the structures in order, from deepest to most superficial? | Endomysium, perimysium, epimysium, fascia |
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Bbuck1
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