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AP Gov Unit 3 Vocab
Unit 3 AP Gov Key Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Civil Liberties | fundamental rights and freedoms protected from infringement from the government |
| Civil rights | protections from discrimination as a member of a particular group |
| bill of rights | a list of fundamental rights and freedoms that individuals possess. The first ten amendments to the US constitution are referred to as the bill of rights |
| due process clause | the clause in the 14th amendment that restricts state government from denying citizens life, liberty, or property without legal safeguards |
| selective incoorporation | the piece meal process through which the supreme court affirmed that almost all of the protections in the bill of rights also apply to state governments |
| free exercise clause | first amendment protection of the rights of individuals to exercise and express their religious beliefs |
| establishment clause | first amendment protection against the government requiring citizens to join or support a religion |
| freedom of expression | a fundamental right affirmed in the first amendment to speak, publish, and protest |
| clear and present danger test | legal standard that speech posing an immediate and serious threat to national security is not protected by the first amendment |
| prior restraint | the suprresion of material prior to publication on the grounds that it might endanger national security |
| symbolic speach | protected expression in form of images, signs, and other symbols |
| libel | an untrue written statement that injures a person's reputation |
| slander | an untrue spoken expression that injures a person's reputation |
| obscenity and pornography | words, images, or videos that depict sexual activity in an offensive manner and lack any artistic merit |
| ex post facto laws | laws criminalizing conduct that was legal at the time it occurred |
| bill of attainder | a law passed by congress pushing an individual without trial |
| writ of habeas corpus | a document setting out reasons for an arrest or detention |
| probable cause | reasonable belief that a crime has been committed or that there is an evidence of criminal activity |
| exclusionary rule | a rule that evidence is obtained without a warrant is inadmissable in court |
| grand jury | a group of citizens who, based on the evidence presented to them, decide whether or not a person should be indicted for criminal charges and subsequently tried in court |
| double jeopardy | protects an individual acquitted of a crime from being charged with the same crime in the same jurisdiction |
| miranda rights | the reight to remain silent and have an attorney present during questioning; these rights must be given by police to individuals suspected of criminal activity |
| bail | an amount of money posted as a security to allow the defendent to be freed while awaiting trial |
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