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Skeletal System
skeleton stuff
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| tissues | groups of cells that work together to build up the skeleton |
| functions of the bones | providing support for the body, storing minerals (calcium and phosphate), producing red blood cells, protecting organs and tissues, allowing movement |
| periosteum | a thin membrane that covers the bone that contains nerves and blood vessels |
| compact bone | a dense and hard outer layer of the bone that you see when you look at a skeleton, this layer provides strength and structure |
| cancellous bone | is found inside the compact bone, full of holes and looks like a sponge, bone marrow fills in the holes of the sponge |
| remodeling | the process which old or damaged bone is broken down and replaced by brand new bone tissue |
| osteoporosis | a condition where the bones become weaker and easier to break |
| axial skeleton | includes bones of the skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, and sacrum; main role is supporting and protecting vital organs and maintaining posture |
| appendicular skeleton | includes bone of the upper and lower limbs, scapula, clavicles and hip bones; main role is allowing different forms of movement |
| long bones | bones that are longer than they are wide (e.g. humerus) |
| short bones | bones that are wide as they are long (e.g. carpal bones) |
| flat bones | bones that are flat and light (e.g. rib bones) |
| irregular bones | bones that have complex, irregular shapes (e.g. spinal vertebrae) |
| sesamoid bones | bones that are flat, small and round (e.g. patella) |
| cranial bones | bones that protect the brain |
| facial bones | bones that provide structure to the face |
| frontal bone | forms the forehead and the upper part of the eye sockets. |
| parietal bones | form the sides and roof of the cranium, joined at the sagittal suture |
| temporal bones | located on each side of the skull, containing structures for hearing and balance |
| occipital bones | forms the back and base of the skull, containing the foramen magnum for the spinal cord. |
| sphenoid bone | a complex bone located at the base of the skull, contributing to the eye sockets and cranial floor. |
| ethmoid bone | located between the eyes, forming part of the nasal cavity and the orbits. |
| maxilla | form the upper jaw and part of the eye sockets. |
| zygomatic bones | known as the cheekbones, they form the lateral walls of the orbits. |
| nasal bones | form the bridge of the nose |
| palatine bones | form part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose |
| lacrimal bones | small bones forming part of the eye socket, containing the tear ducts. |
| vomer | forms the lower part of the nasal septum |
| mandible | the lower jaw, which is the only movable bone of the skull |
| osteoclasts | bone cells that break down old bone |
| osteoblasts | bone cells that make new bone |
| cervical spinal vertebrae | 7 bones |
| thoracic spinal vertebrae | 12 bones |
| lumbar spinal vertebrae | 5 bones |
| sacrum spinal vertebrae | 5 bones (fused) |
| coccyx (tail bone) spinal vertebrae | 3 - 5 bones (fused) |
| C1/Atlas cervical vertebrae | Articulates with the Skull Allows nodding (“Yes”) |
| C2/Axis cervical vertebrae | Articulates with C1 (Atlas) Allows rotation of head (“No”) |
| epiphyseal plates | responsible for helping your bones grow during childhood and teenage years |
| clavicle | collarbone |
| scapula | shoulder blade |
| humerus | largest bone in the upper arm |
| ulna | The ulna is located on the medial side (the side of the pinky) and is slightly longer than the radius. It provides stability and support during forearm movements. |
| radius | The radius is on the lateral side (the side of the thumb) and is responsible for forearm rotation |
| carpals | bones in the wrist |
| metacarpals | The metacarpals are a set of five long bones in the human hand, located between the wrist (carpal bones) and the fingers (phalanges) |
| phalanges | bones that make up the hands and feet. there are 14 on each hand and each foot |
| coxal bones, hip bones and pelvic bones | composed of the iliac bone, pelvic bone and ischium bone. the coxal bones are fully fused by 15 |
| femur | The femur, or thigh bone, is the longest and strongest bone in the human body, playing a crucial role in supporting weight and facilitating movement. |
| patella | kneecap, sesamoid bone, largest sesamoid bone the body |
| tibia | The tibia, also known as the shinbone, is the larger and thicker bone located on the medial (inner) side of the leg. It is the primary weight-bearing bone and plays a crucial role in supporting body weight and facilitating movement |
| fibula | The fibula is the smaller, slender bone located on the lateral (outer) side of the leg. It provides stability and support to the tibia and helps stabilize the ankle, but it does not bear significant weight. |
| tarsals | talus, calcaneus (the heel bone), navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms (3) These bones form the rear and midfoot, helping to withstand the body's weight and allowing for movement. |
| metatarsals | The metatarsal bones are a group of five long bones located in the midfoot, situated between the tarsal bones (heel and ankle) and the phalanges (toes). |
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