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AP GOV unit 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Miranda Rule | requires police to inform a suspect in custody of their constitutional rights before interrogation |
| “public safety exceptions” in searches | allow law enforcement to conduct searches or ask questions without a warrant or Miranda warnings when there is an immediate danger to the public or officers |
| Pre-trial rights | right to remain silent, right to an attorney, right to be informed of charges against you, right to bail |
| Patriot act | U.S. law passed after the September 11th attacks that significantly expanded the surveillance and investigative powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies |
| USA freedom act | U.S. law that reformed aspects of government surveillance, ending the National Security Agency's (NSA) bulk collection of American's call data. |
| Hyde Amendment of 1976 | prohibit the use of federal funds for most abortions. It restricts federal funding for programs like Medicaid, Medicare, and the Children's Health Insurance Program, except in cases of rape, incest, or to save the life of the mother. |
| pierce vs society of sisters | 1925 Supreme Court case that established that parents have the right to send their children to private schools. The Court struck down Oregon's Compulsory Education Act |
| Title II of Civil Rights Act of 1964 | prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin in public accommodations. |
| Title VII of Civil Rights Act of 1964 | prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin |
| equal protection clause | a provision in the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that prohibits states from denying any person within their jurisdiction equal protection of the laws |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | civil rights law that aimed to end racial discrimination in voting. It banned literacy tests, gave the federal government the authority to oversee voter registration in areas that had a history of voter discrimination. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1866 | declared that all people born in the United States were U.S. citizens and had certain inalienable rights, including the right to make contracts, to own property, to sue in court, and to enjoy the full protection of federal law. |
| Dixiecrats | formed by conservative southern Democrats who split from the national party over civil rights issues |
| poll tax | fixed sum of money, levied as a fee for voting, which became a way to disenfranchise poor voters, particularly African Americans in the American South after the Civil War |
| Kennedy’s Executive Order 10925 | prohibiting federal government contractors from discriminating on account of race and establishing the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. |
| Milliken v Bradley | federal courts could not order a multi-district desegregation plan unless there was evidence of an inter-district violation or effect. |
| Regents v Bakke | ruled rigid racial quotas are unconstitutional |
| gratz v bollinger | ruled that the University of Michigan's undergraduate admissions policy, which gave an automatic 20-point bonus to underrepresented minority applicants, was unconstitutional |
| Parents v Seattle School District 2007 | the Supreme Court ruled that public school districts cannot use race as a deciding factor for student assignment in a way that is not narrowly tailored to a compelling interest |
| Marbury v Madison | established the principle of judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the power to declare laws and executive actions unconstitutional |
| mcculloh vs maryland | Congress has implied powers under the "Necessary and Proper" Clause to create a national bank,and states cannot tax federal institutions because the Supremacy Clause makes federal law superior to state law |
| us v lopez | that struck down the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 (GFSZA) as it was outside of Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce |
| engel v vitale | no prayers in public schools |
| wisconsiv v yoder | free exercise clause > kids having to go to school past 8th grade |
| citizens united v federal election commission | laws restricting the political spending of corporations and unions are inconsistent with the Free Speech Clause |
| baker v carr | redistricting qualifies as a justiciable question under the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause, thus enabling federal courts to hear Fourteenth Amendment-based redistricting cases |
| shaw v reno | race cannot be the predominant factor in creating districts. |
| fifth amendment | due process, no double jeopardy, no self-incrimination |
| sixth amendment | right to fair trial |
| seventh amendment | trial by jury |
| eighth amenment | no cruel, unusual punishment, no excessive bail |
| 14th amendment | grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. and guarantees all citizens "equal protection under the laws" |
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