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a&P lab exam 3
digestive and respiratory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Main Functions | Gas exchange b/w lungs, blood, tissue |
| what lines respiratory system and what does it do? | mucous membrane, traps dust and moistens air |
| Air Pathway | Nasal cavity → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli |
| Nasal cavity includes nasal conchae | slows air to Filter, warm and moisten it |
| Oral cavity | mouth |
| Pharynx | Air + food passage. Includes: naso/oro/laryngo pharynx |
| Larynx | Voice box |
| Thyroid cartilage | adams apple |
| Circoid cartilage | inferior to thyroid cartilage |
| Epiglottis | forms lid over pharynx when swallowing |
| Trachea | Windpipe |
| C-shaped cartilage function | keeps trachea open |
| Bronchi | primary, secondary, tertiary bronchi, has c-rings |
| Bronchioles | Small branches |
| Type of muscle found in respiratory structures to cause constriction and dilation? | smooth muscle |
| Alveoli | Gas exchange between lungs and blood, simple squamous epithelium |
| Pseudostratified columnar epithelium has? | globlet cells |
| Lungs Right lung | 3 lobes |
| Lungs Left lung | 2 lobes |
| Parietal pleura | outer layer of serous membrane that attaches to thoracic wall and diaphragm |
| Visceral pleura | inner layer of serous membrane that Covers lungs |
| Pleural cavity | cavity between both pleura layers and has serous fluid |
| Serous fluid helps | reduces friction |
| Tissues Nasal cavity | Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium |
| Tissues Pharynx | Stratified squamous epithelium |
| Tissues Larynx | Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium+hyaline cartilage |
| Thyroid cartilage tissue | hyaline cartilage |
| Circoid cartilage tissue | hyaline cartilage |
| Epiglottis tissue | elastic cartilage |
| Trachea tissue | Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium hyaline cartilage |
| Bronchi tissue | Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium hyaline cartilage |
| What type of tissue lines most of respiratory tract? | Pseudostratified |
| Bronchioles tissue | smooth muscle |
| Alveoli tissue | Simple squamous epithelium |
| What instrument measures respiratory volume? | Spirometer |
| Tidal volume(TV) | 500ml. Amount of air inhaled/exhaled when relaxed |
| Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) | 3100ml Amount of air forcefully inhaled |
| Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) | 1200ml Amount of air forcefully exhaled, lower with emphysema |
| Vital capacity (VC) | 4800ml, TV+IVR+ERV, maximum amount of air inhaled and exhaled |
| Phenol red changing to yellow means | low pH, more acidic |
| Increase CO2 in blood | lowers pH, increases H |
| DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Functions | Ingest → Digest → Absorb → Eliminate |
| Bacteria makes what vitamins that are later absorbed into the blood stream | B & K |
| Food Pathway | Mouth → Pharynx → Esophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine → Anus |
| Innermost layer/mucous membrane | mucosa; simple columnar epithelium |
| Submucosa | connective tissue |
| Muscularis externa | smooth muscle |
| Serosa/visceral peritoneum | connective tissue |
| Peristalsis | smooth muscle contracts to move food towards anus |
| ORAL CAVITY includes | hard and soft palate and uvula |
| Hard palate | Bone, roof of mouth |
| Soft palate | behind hard palate |
| Uvula function | cover nasal cavity with soft palate when swallowing |
| Food leaving mouth | Bolus |
| Lower esophageal sphincter | Smooth muscle; prevents acidic stomach content entering esophagus |
| STOMACH includes | greater and lesser curvature, Fundus, body, pyloric region |
| Pyloric sphincter/valve | smooth muscle controls gastric emptying |
| Rugae | Folds in stomach allowing stomach to expand |
| Parietal cells | HCl , pH of 1-2 |
| Chief cells | Pepsinogen → pepsin when mixed with HCl |
| Pepsin | digests proteins in stomach |
| Food leaving stomach | Chyme |
| SMALL INTESTINE Function | nutrient Absorption |
| Small intestine includes | Duodenum → Jejunum → Ileum |
| Ileocecal valve | smooth muscle b/w small and large intestines that stops backflow |
| Villi + microvilli | Increase surface area for absorption in small intestine |
| LARGE INTESTINE Function | Absorb water; make feces, eliminates waste and poop |
| Large intestine includes | Cecum → Ascending colon → Transverse colon→ Descending colon → Sigmoid colon→ Rectum → Anal canal |
| ANUS Internal anal sphincter | involuntary Smooth muscle |
| ANUS External anal sphincter | voluntary Skeletal muscle |
| Both anal sphincters during defecation | relax |
| ACCESSORY ORGANS | don't touch food, aid in digestion |
| Liver | Makes bile, path: Liver → Common hepatic duct → Bile duct → Duodenum |
| Gallbladder | Stores bile, cystic duct → bile duct → duodenum |
| Pancreas | releases digestive enzymes and basic/alkaline pancreatic juices |
| Amylase | digests carbs |
| Trypsin | digests proteins |
| Lipase | digests fats |
| Bicarbonate | (buffer) basic/ alkaline juices that neutralizes acid in chyme |
| Digestive enzymes and buffers path | pancreas → pancreatic duct → duodenum |
| Salivary glands | secretes saliva, 2 components mucus and amylase |
| Oral cavity tissue | Stratified squamous; tongue skeletal |
| Pharynx tissue | Stratified squamous+skeletal mostly |
| Esophagus tissue | Stratified squamous+smooth and little skeletal |
| Stomach tissue | Simple columnar; smooth muscle |
| Small intestine tissue | Simple columnar; smooth muscle |
| Large intestine tissue | Simple columnar; smooth muscle |
Created by:
mahak
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