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A&P Exam #4

CNS and PNS Questions

QuestionAnswer
What are the four main brain STRCUTURES? - Cerebruum - Diencephalon - Cerbrum - Brain stem
What are the four parts of the brain stem? - Midbrain - Pons - Medulla - Oblongata
What separates the right and left hemispheres? Longitudinal fissure
What are the three cerebral white matter tracts? - Projection - Commissural - Association
What are the three functions of the cerebrum and what do they contribute? Sensory – conscious awareness of sensation; Motor – voluntary motor functions; Association – integrate information
What is the MAIN function of the cerebral cortex? Association, more specifically receiving/sending information from/to multiple regions of the brain.
What are the four cortex located in the temporal lobe? - Primary auditory - Olfactory - Auditory association - Visual association
What are the four parts of the limbic system? - Cingulate gyrus - Corpus callosum - Amygdala - Hippocampus
What does LTP do to neurons? Increases dendrite growth and causes greater neurotransmitter release
How are memories sorted into the various memory cortexes? memories are stored in related sensory regions EX: sounds are stored in auditory cortex
What info comes from the basal nucleus and cerebellum? The regulation of motor cortex activity.
What info comes from the limbic system and hypothalamus? Emotional awareness and responses.
What info comes from the spinal cord and cranial nerves? Sensory reception
What are sone common visceral motor responses? Racing heart, blushing, and crying
What are sone common somatic motor responses? frowning and smiling
How does the hypothalamus play a role in sleep? It controls circadian rhythm and decreases brainstem communication to the thalamus upon sleep. It later stimulates the brainstem to "wake".
How many cerebellum lobes are there? Three in each hemisphere, six total.
What are the functions of the cerebellum? - Maintaining balance - Coordinating movement - Cognitive processing - Emotional regulation - Motor/procedural learning - Language processing
How does cerebellar motor processing work? 1) Cerebral premotor cortex sends info about planned movement 2) Evaluation current body position 3) Determination of necessary adjustments 4) Plan sent to motor cortex and brain stem
What are the two main parts of the midbrain? Superior colliculi and inferior colliculi.
What is the acronym to remember cranial nerves? - On, on, on they travelled and found Voldemort guarding very ancient horcruxes! - Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? 31 pairs
What is the breakdown on the different types of spinal nerves? 8 cervical; 12 thoracic; 5 lumbar; 5 sacral; 1 coccygeal
What are the antagonistic effects of dual innervation? opposing results
What are the cooperative effects of dual innervation? unified results
What are the sympathetic effects of dual innervation? Diffusion of norepinephrine into other tissues, bloodstream.
What are the parasympathetic effects of dual innervation? Acetylcholine degraded at synapse.
What are the limits of human vision? wavelengths of light from 400 to 700 nm - visible light
What are the four extrinsic muscles of the eye? Superior rectus, Inferior rectus, Medial rectus, and Inferior oblique.
What is light adaptation and how does it work? When moving from darkness into bright light:; Widespread hyperpolarization of photoreceptors; Strong stimulation of bipolar cells; Pupils constrict
What is dark adaptation and how does it work? When moving from bright light into darkness; Cones stop functioning in low-intensity light; Rhodopsin takes longer to regenerate; Pupils dilate
How doe Image formation work? Light passes through cornea and lens (Continues straight if entering straight and refracts if entering on an angle); Refraction focuses light onto retina
Created by: MadisonFoleyReis
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