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Exam #4
CNS and PNS Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Gyrus | ridge or fold of the cerebrum |
| Sulcus | groove of the cerebrum; increases surface area |
| Gray matter | soma, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons; contains cortex and nuclues |
| White matter | myelinated axons; contains tracts |
| Cortex | superficial layer of gray matter |
| Nucleus | function group of some deep in the brain |
| Tract | group of axons traveling together |
| Projection | white matter tract that connects the brain to the spinal cord |
| Commissural | white matter tract that connect the left and right hemispheres (Think corpus callosum) |
| Prefrontal cortex | frontal lobe of brain responsible for most association functions EX: planning, behavior regulation, and self-awareness |
| Precentral gyrus | located on the top of the frontal lobe; the primary motor cortex |
| Premotor cortex | responsible for motor planning and coordination |
| Motor homunculus | the superfical portion of premotor cortex devoted to movement of each region of the body |
| Broca's Area | located in the left frontal lobe; responsibel for speech PRODUCTION |
| Broca's aphasia | damage results in the inability to produce speech, but retention of language comprehesion; can imoact writing ability |
| Parietal association cortex | in the parietal lobe providing spatial awareness and visual attential |
| Postcentral gyrus | located on the top of the parietal lobe; primary somatosensory cortex providing general sensations |
| Somatosensory association cortex | integrates stimuli and provides tactile memory |
| Sensory homunculus | the superfical portion of the somatosensory association cortex devoted to sensations in eaxh region of the body |
| Wernicke's area | located in the left temporal lobe; responsible for sppech COMPREHENSION |
| Wernicke's aphasia | damage to this area results in fluent but nonsensical speech; reading and writing and often severly impaired |
| Occipital Lobe | primary visual cortex and visual association cortex |
| Insula | located deep to the temporal lobe; vestibular, gustatory, and visceral sensory cortex |
| Basal nucleus | control of voluntary movement as well as muscle memory and habitual behaviors |
| Cingulate gyrus | emotional expression |
| Amygdala | fear responses |
| Hippocampus | responsibel for memory formation, the organization of incoming stimuli to unified memory, and processing spatial memories (cognitive mao) |
| Connection to olfactory bulb | emotional response to odors |
| Declarative memory | conscious recollection EX: Facts, knowledge |
| Nondeclarative memory | unconscious performance EX: Skills, procedures |
| Immediate memory | memory stored for a few moments |
| Short-term or working memory | short sequences stored for several minutes |
| Long-term memory | memories stored for years |
| Memory Consolidation | the transfer of information into long-term memory |
| long-term potentiation (LTP) | increase in synaptic activity between associated neurons |
| Thalamus | filters signals coming into cortex, sorting info |
| Hypothalamus | responsible for hypothalamus, thermoregulation. food intake, fluid balance, endocrine regulation, circadian biology and sleep, regulation of ANS, and the regulation of emotional responses |
| Epithalamus | Circadian release of melatonin coordinates circadian timing of body |
| Emotions | Sensations generated by limbic system and hypothalamus caused by the integration of sensory stimuli |
| Cognitive emotional response | recognition, expression, or regulation of emotions |
| Sleep stage 1 | 1-5 minutes; transition to sleep |
| Sleep stage 2 | 10-60 minutes; heart and respritory rate drops, BP and body temp lower |
| Sleep stage 3 | 20-40 minutes; muscle relaxation, reduce brain activity, tissue growth and repair, and the consolidation of declarative memories |
| REM sleep | 10-60 minutes; eyes oscillate back and forth, increase in heart rate, respiratory rate, and brain activity, and the consolidation of nondeclarative memories |
| Sleep paralysis | inhibition of voluntary muscular activity |
| Cerebellum | holds afferent fibers from cerebrum, limbs, trunk, inner ear and efferent fibers to cerebrum and brainstem |
| Brain Stem | connects diencephalon and spinal cord with both ascending and descending tracts; site of cranial nerve nuclei and the autonomic control centers |
| Superior colliculi | coordination of head and eye movements |
| Inferior colliculi | relays auditory info from inner ear to brain |
| Startle reflex | turning head in response to sound |
| Pons | tracts connecting cerebrum to spinal cord, cerebellum |
| Medulla Oblongata | All ascending and descending fibers pass through |
| Pyramids | motor fibers from cerebrum |
| Reticular formation | brainstem functional system; widespread connections to cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum |
| Reticular activating system (RAS) | Continuous stream of stimuli to cerebrum --> maintains alertness |
| Habituation | repetitive stimuli filtered out |
| Spinal cord | Connection between brain and body; Continuous with brainstem |
| Dorsal horn | sensory neurons in spinal cord |
| Ventral horn | motor neurons in spinal cord |
| Lateral horn | Sympathetic neurons in spinal cord |
| Dorsal nerve root | only sensory fibers |
| Ventral nerve root | only motor fibers |
| Columns | white matter bundles |
| Spinal cord white matter | ascending and descending tracts with many tracts decussating |
| First order neurons | detect stimulus; Synapse in spinal cord or brainstem |
| Second-order neurons | carry signal to thalamus |
| Third-order neurons | carry signal from thalamus to sensory cortex |
| Dorsal column-medial lemniscal (DCML) | Vibration, visceral pain, touch, proprioception; Sensory information to contralateral cortex |
| Spinothalamic tract | Somatic pain, pressure, temperature, itch; Sensory information to contralateral cortex |
| Upper motor neurons | Original in cerebral cortex or brainstem; Synapse in brainstem or spinal cord |
| Lower motor neurons | Synapse on muscle fiber or gland |
| Corticospinal tract | General voluntary motor control; Decussate at pyramidal decussation |
| Tectospinal tracts | Originate in midbrain; Coordinate head movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli |
| Optic nerve (CN II) | second order neurons with receptors in retina with first order bipolar neurons |
| Optic radiations | third order neurons that produce vision |
| ophthalmic (V1) | sensation from superior face and scalp, nasal/conjunctival mucosa |
| maxillary | |
| Spinal cord | Connection between brain and body; Continuous with brainstem |
| Dorsal horn | sensory neurons in spinal cord |
| Ventral horn | motor neurons in spinal cord |
| Lateral horn | Sympathetic neurons in spinal cord |
| Dorsal nerve root | only sensory fibers |
| Ventral nerve root | only motor fibers |
| Columns | white matter bundles |
| Spinal cord white matter | ascending and descending tracts with many tracts decussating |
| First order neurons | detect stimulus; Synapse in spinal cord or brainstem |
| Second-order neurons | carry signal to thalamus |
| Third-order neurons | carry signal from thalamus to sensory cortex |
| Dorsal column-medial lemniscal (DCML) | Vibration, visceral pain, touch, proprioception; Sensory information to contralateral cortex |
| Spinothalamic tract | Somatic pain, pressure, temperature, itch; Sensory information to contralateral cortex |
| Upper motor neurons | Original in cerebral cortex or brainstem; Synapse in brainstem or spinal cord |
| Lower motor neurons | Synapse on muscle fiber or gland |
| Corticospinal tract | General voluntary motor control; Decussate at pyramidal decussation |
| Tectospinal tracts | Originate in midbrain; Coordinate head movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli |
| Optic nerve (CN II) | second order neurons with receptors in retina with first order bipolar neurons |
| Optic radiations | third order neurons that produce vision |
| ophthalmic (V1) | sensation from superior face and scalp, nasal/conjunctival mucosa |
| maxillary (V2) | sensation from mid and lateral face, upper teeth |
| mandibular (V3) | general sensation from lateral and inferior face, lower teeth, anterior 2/3 of tongue; Somatic motor innervation of muscles of mastication |
| Facial (CN VII) | Somatic motor function (facial expression), visceral motor function, and special sensory function |
| Vagus nerve (CN X) | Somatic motor fibers to pharynx, larynx; Visceral motor fibers to thoracoabdominal viscera; General sensation from external ear, pharynx, larynx; Visceral sensation from aortic ANS sense organs |
| Accessory Nerve (CN XI) | Soma in C1-C5 ventral horn; Somatic motor fibers to trapezius & sternocleidomastoid muscles |
| Hypoglossal (CN XII) | Somatic motor fibers to intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles |
| Dorsal root | sensory input to spinal cord |
| Dorsal root ganglion | soma of pseudounipolar first-order neurons |
| Ventral root | motor output from spinal cord |
| Shingles | Rash along path of sensory neurons resulting in pain, itching, discoloration, blisters; caused by persistence of chickenpox in dorsal root ganglion |
| Spinal nerves | formed from dorsal and ventral roots with both motor and sensory fibers; Quickly divide into dorsal and ventral rami |
| Dorsal ramus | muscles and skin adjacent to spine |
| Ventral ramus | trunk and limbs |
| Phrenic nerve | Fibers from C3-C5; Primarily motor innervation to diaphragm; Mnemonic: C3-4-5 keeps the diaphragm alive! |
| Axillary nerve | motor innervation @ deltoid, teres minor |
| Musculocutaneous nerve | motor innervation @ anterior compartment of arm |
| Radial nerve | motor innervation @ posterior compartments of arm & forearm |
| Long thoracic nerve | motor innervation @ serratus anterior; Relatively vulnerable to injury |
| Femoral nerve | motor innervation @ muscles of anterior thigh (Hip flexors and Knee extensors) |
| Superior gluteal nerve | motor innervation @ gluteus medius and minimus |
| Inferior gluteal nerve | motor innervation @ gluteus maxiumus |
| Tibial Nerve | motor innervation @muscles of posterior thigh and posterior leg (Hip extensors, knee flexors, and ankle extensors) |
| Common Fibular Nerve | motor innervation @ muscles of anterior and lateral leg, biceps femoris |
| Sciatic nerve | tibial and common fibular nerve together in common sheath |
| Sciatica | irritation or compression of sciatic nerve |
| Dermatomes | area of skin supplied by a single sensory spinal nerve; numbness can help localize spinal cord injuries |
| Referred pain | visceral pain perceived as originating from dermatome |
| Flexor reflex | Rapid contraction of flexor muscles in response to stimulus, moves limb away from stimulus |
| Ipsilateral reflex arc | stimulus and response on same side |
| Crossed extension reflex | Extension of contralateral limb; maintains balance |
| Contralateral reflex arc | stimulus and response on opposite sides |
| Autonomic nervous system | Visceral motor division of the PNS; involuntary control; Regulation of homeostatic functions |
| Visceral reflex arc | 1) Receptor activated by stimulus 2) Afferent neuron carries sensory signal to CNS 3) Integration center connects afferent and efferent neurons 4) Efferent neurons carry motor signal away from CNS 5) Effectors carry out motor response |
| Somatic reflex arc | Somatic sensory from skin, muscles, etc. and somatic motor to skeletal muscle via 1 neuron |
| Sympathetic division of ANS | fight or flight”; effects prepare body for action; homeostasis, emotional responses too; Fibers from spinal levels T1-L2 |
| Sympathetic trunk | Series of sympathetic ganglia adjacent to vertebral column; Connect to spinal roots/nerves via communicating rami; Preganglionic fibers can synapse at same level or pass through |
| Preganglionic fibers | Soma in lateral horn; Exit spinal cord through ventral root |
| Divergent neural circuits | Preganglionic neurons synapse with 10-20 postganglionic neurons |
| Parasympathetic division | normal body maintenance; Preganglionic soma in brainstem, spinal levels S2-S4 and postganglionic soma in terminal ganglia |
| Oculomotor nerves | ciliary muscles, constrictor pupillae |
| Facial nerves | lacrimal, nasal, submandibular glands |
| Glossopharyngeal | parotid gland |
| Vagus | thoracoabdominal viscera to proximal 2/3 of colon |
| Pelvic splanchnic nerves | pelvic viscera |
| Sympathetic vasomotor tone | Constant baseline sympathetic input to blood vessels |
| Parasympathetic tone | Maintains smooth muscle tone in intestines and resting heart rate at 70-80 bpm |
| Vision | Perception of objects via light they emit or reflect |
| Light | visible electromagnetic radiation |
| Superior rectus | elevates eye |
| Inferior rectus | depresses eye |
| Medial rectus | abducts eye |
| Inferior oblique | superomedial rotation |
| Conjunctiva | Mucus membrane providing lubrication |
| Lacrimal apparatus | Lacrimal gland produces tears |
| Oculomotor nerve (CN III) | Visceral motor fibers to muscles of pupil and lens to constrict pupil and alter lens shape |
| Trochlear nerve (CN IV) | Somatic motor fibers to contralateral superior oblique |
| Abducens nerve (CN VI) | • Somatic motor fibers to lateral rectus |
| Sclera | white of eye; Protects eyeball and anchors extrinsic muscles |
| Cornea | Transparent eye covering; allows light to enter eye |
| Choroid | Heavily pigmented; absorbs light |
| Ciliary body | Ring of ciliary muscles; Controls shape of lens |
| Iris | pigmented region; Ring of pupillary muscles |
| Pupil | central opening; Pupillary muscles change diameter |
| Sphincter pupillae | Contract to constrict pupil; Parasympathetic innervation |
| Dilator pupillae | Contract to dilate pupil; Sympathetic innervation |
| Retina | Site of phototransduction; contains Bipolar cells and Ganglion cells |
| Rods | Work best in dim light; Peripheral vision; no color |
| Cones | Work best in bright light; 3 photopigment subtypes; colored vision |
| Color blindness | Lack of one or more cone pigments; Hereditary |
| Phototransduction | Conversion of light into nerve impulses |
| Optic disc | region of retina where optic nerve exits |
| Visual filling | brain extrapolates missing information |
| Lens | Transparent, flexible disc; Suspended from ciliary body; by ligaments; Focuses incoming light on retina |
| Distance vision | light enters cornea without much refraction |
| Close vision | greater refraction at cornea; Requires greater adjustment by lens |
Created by:
MadisonFoleyReis
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