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Joints
Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Joint articulation | functional connection between bones, binds parts of the skeletal system together, make both growth possible, permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth, enable body to move to muscle contractions |
| Fibrous | held together by dense connective tissue, close contact with bones, 3 types: syndesmosis, suture, gomphosis |
| Cartilaginous | held together by cartilage, have complex structure, connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage, two types: synchondrosis, symphysis |
| Synovial | have complex structure, most joints are synovial, all are diarthrotic, articular cartilage covers articular ends of bones, joint capsule consists of 2 layers outer fibrous and inner layer |
| Synarthrotic | immovable, (sutures, gomphosis) |
| Amphiarthrotic | slightly moveable (syndesmosis) |
| Diarthrotic | freely movable (shoulders, hips) |
| Syndesmosis | bones bound by a sheet of dense connective tissue (interosseous membrane) or a bundle of dense connective tissue (interosseous ligament) --> amphiarthrotic may twist ex: between tibia and fibula |
| Suture | thin layer of connective tissue (sutural ligament) connects bones, synarthrotic immovable between flat bones of skull |
| Gomphosis | cone shaped bony process in a socket, synarthrotic (immovable) root of tooth in maxilla or mandible held in place periodontal ligament |
| Synchondrosis | band of hyaline cartilage unite bones, synarthrotic, some are temporary (epiphyseal plate), some are permeant, such as manubrium and the first rib (costal cartilage) |
| Symphysis | pad of fibrocartilage between bones, articulate surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage, amphiarthrotic (limited movement,) pubic symphysis, joint between bodies of adjacent vertebrae (intervertebral discs) |
| Outer fibrous layer | composed of ligaments |
| Inner layer | synovial membrane, secretes synovial fluid |
| General structure of synovial joints | contains, articular cartilage, joint capsule, ligaments, synovial membrane, synovial cavity, synovial fluid |
| Bursae (found in some joints) | small fluid filled sacs that cushion joints, and allow smooth movement |
| Meniscus (found in knee) | C shaped piece of cartilage that acts as a shock absorber |
| Types of Synovial joints | there are 6 types of synovial joints, ball and socket, condylar, plane joint, hinge joint, pivot joint, saddle joint, |
| Ball and socket joint | also called spheroidal joint, round head in cup-shaped cavity, widest range of motion, multiaxial, plus rotation, hip, and shoulder |
| Condylar joint | also called ellipsoidal joint, oval, condyle fits into elliptical cavity, back and forth, side to side motion, biaxial movement, no rotation, joints between metacarpals and phalanges |
| Plane joint | Also called gliding, almost flat, slightly curved, back and forth, and twisting, nonaxial movement, wrist and ankle joints |
| Hinge joint | convex surface fits into concave surface of other bone, uniaxial movement (in 1 plane), elbow joints between phalanges |
| Pivot joint | also called trochoid joint, cylindrical surface rotates within ring of other bone, uniaxial movement, rotation only, atlas C1 and dens of axis C2 |
| Saddle joint | also called sellar joint, both bones have concave and convex surfaces, biaxial movement in 2 planes, carpal and metacarpal of thumb |
| Origin | relatively fixed end of a skeletal muscle movement when fibers are pulled toward the origin |
| Insertion | more movable end of a skeletal muscle |
| Flexion | bending of parts at a joint |
| Extension | straightening of parts at a joint |
| Hyperextension | extension beyond normal anatomical position |
| Lateral flexion | Bending to the side |
| Abduction | Moving a part of body away from midline |
| Adduction | moving a part of body toward midline |
| Dorsiflexion | Ankle movement which toes points upward |
| Plantar flexion | Ankle movement where toes point downward |
| Circumduction | movement of a part of body in a circular path |
| Rotation | moving a part of body around an axis |
| Medial rotation | movement of a limb so anterior surface moves toward midline |
| Lateral rotation | movement of limb so anterior surface moves away from midline |
| Supination | forearm rotation so palm faces upward or forward, lying face up (supine) |
| Pronation | forearm rotation so palm faces downward or backward, or lying down face down (prone) |
| Inversion | turning foot so plantar surface faces midline |
| Eversion | turning of foot so plantar surface faces away from midline |
| Protraction | movement of a body part forward |
| retraction | movement of a body part backward |
| Elevation | raising a body part |
| Depression | lowering a body part |
| Shoulder joint | ball and socket, head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula, loose joint capsule, ligaments prevent displacement, glenoid labrum, several bursae, very wide range of movement, including rotation and circumduction |
| Major ligaments of the shoulder | Coracohumeral ligament, Glenohumeral ligaments, Transverse humeral ligament |
| Elbow joint | between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna, flexion and extension only |
| Plane | between capitulum of humerus and fovea on head of radius, pronation and supination, several reinforcing ligaments |
| Major ligaments of elbow | radial collateral ligament, ulnar collateral ligament, anular ligament |
| Movement of wrist and digits | Radial flexion (deviation, abduction), Ulnar flexion (deviation, adduction) spreading fingers is abduction |
| Reposition | opening palm |
| oposition | touching thumb to each finger |
| Hip joint | Ball socket joint, head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone, acetabular labrum. Heavy joint capsule, many reinforcing ligaments, variety of movement but less than shoulder |
| Major ligaments of hip joint | Iliofemoral ligament (strongest ligament in the body), pubofemoral ligament, Ischiofemoral ligament |
| Internal and external movement | movement of just the leg with foot pointing outward (external) and foot pointing inward (internal) |
| Knee joint | largest and most complex synovial joint consisting of three bones, femur, tibia, and patella, strengthened by many ligaments and tendons, cushioned by bursae, menisci separate femur and tibia |
| Movement of knee joint | modified hinge joint between femur and tibia, plane joint between femur and patella flexion/extension, and some rotation when knee is flexed |
| major ligaments of the knee | patellar ligament, oblique popliteal ligament, arcuate popliteal ligament, tibial (medial) collateral ligament, fibular (lateral) collateral ligament, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) |
| dislocations | displacement of articulating surfaces; common in shoulder, knee, fingers, jaw |
| Sprain | tearing of connective tissue in joint, without bone dislocation |
| Torn ligament | result from twist, overextension, lifting heavy object, or fall |
| Bursitis | inflammation of a bursa, from overuse or stress |
| Arthritis | inflammation, swelling, and pain in a joint, Rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune disease, Osteoarthritis: degenerative, most common, Lyme arthritis: tick bite |
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