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Bones and Joints
Quiz 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Comparing Bones and Joints | Bones contain both living and nonliving materials. The living part consists of bone cells surrounded by hard minerals like calcium and phosphorus. |
| Movement in the body | Muscles pull on bones across joints. |
| Do all bones move the same way? | No. The shoulder is very flexible, while intervertebral joints have low flexibility. |
| Joints with the greatest range of motion | Shoulder, hip, and neck. |
| Flexion | The angle between two bones decreases. |
| Extension | The angle between two bones increases. |
| Abduction | A bone is moved away from the midline of the body. |
| Adduction | A bone is moved toward the midline of the body. |
| Rotation | A body part partially revolves on its axis. |
| Joints that permit the most possible movement | Neck, shoulder, and hip. |
| Movements all joints permit | Flexion and extension. |
| Why are knee injuries common? | Knees don’t allow for rotation. |
| Definition of a joint | Site where two or more bones meet. |
| Functional classification of joints | Synarthroses (immovable, e.g., skull sutures) Amphiarthroses (slightly movable, e.g., intervertebral joints) Diarthroses (freely movable, e.g., shoulder). |
| Structural classification of joints | Fibrous (joined by collagenic fibers, e.g., skull sutures) Cartilaginous (joined by cartilage, e.g., pubic symphysis) Synovial (contains articular cartilage and synovial membrane, e.g., shoulder). |
| Articular cartilage | Covers bone ends and reduces friction. |
| Articular capsule | Encloses joint surfaces; lined with synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid. |
| Joint cavity | Space within the joint capsule containing synovial fluid for lubrication. |
| Reinforcing ligaments | Provide support and stability for the joint. |
| Neck joint type | Pivot joint. |
| Shoulder joint type | Ball-and-socket joint. |
| Elbow joint type | Hinge joint (some pivot movement). |
| Wrist joint type | Plane joint. |
| Finger joint type | Hinge joint. |
| Hip joint type | Ball-and-socket joint. |
| Knee joint type | Hinge joint. |
| Ankle joint type | Hinge joint. |
| Do all joints allow movement? | No. Some joints, like skull sutures, do not allow movement. |
| Fibrous vs Cartilaginous joints | Fibrous joints are held by collagen fibers; cartilaginous joints are held by cartilage. Both can be immovable or slightly movable. |
| Plane joint | Flat bone surfaces slide past each other; allows small gliding movements (example: wrist, ankle). |
| Hinge joint | Moves in one direction like a door; allows flexion and extension (example: elbow, knee). |
| Pivot joint | One bone rotates around another; allows rotation (example: neck, forearm). |
| Condylar joint | Oval surface fits into a shallow cavity; allows movement in two directions (example: knuckles). |
| Saddle joint | Bone surfaces fit like a rider in a saddle; allows movement in two planes (example: thumb). |
| Ball-and-socket joint | Round head fits into a cup socket; allows movement in all directions (example: shoulder, hip). |
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