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A+P Exam #3
Muscular System Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Slow oxidative muscle fiber (SO) | Contract slowly, use aerobic respiration, and resistant to fatigue |
| Fast oxidative muscle fiber (FO) | Fast contraction, use aerobic respiration, produce stronger contractions than SO fibers, and active during moderate-intensity activities |
| Fast glycolic muscle fiber (FG) | Fastest contraction- generates lots of power, use anaerobic respiration, fatigue most quickly, and function in producing high-intensity movements for short durations |
| Endurance | the adaptation to exercise; more mitochondria, increased myoglobin synthesis, increased capillary growth, and conversion of FG fibers to FO |
| Resistance | the adaptation to exercise; heavy loads damage muscle fiber plasma membranes and myofibrils, muscle hypertrophy occurs, stronger tendons form, and conversion FO fibers to FG |
| Muscle hypertrophy | increased myofibril formation leads to thicker muscle fibers |
| Motor neuron | one controls all muscle fiber |
| Motor units | dispersed throughout muscle and each unit weakly contracts entire muscle; size of each unit determines degree of fine control |
| Load | force applied to muscle |
| Recruitment | number of motor units stimulated |
| Muscle fiber | elongated, multinucleated muscle cell |
| Fascicle | Bundle of muscle fibers surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue and nerves and blood vessels |
| Muscle | group of fascicles surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue |
| Fascicle orientation | Direction of attachment of fascicles to tendons impacts muscle shape and action |
| Muscle compartments | Group of functionally related muscles plus associated neurovasculature, separated by fascia, and typically all innervated by same nerve |
| Compartment syndrome | Injury causes swelling within a compartment, but the fascia prevents expansion causing fluid build-up compresses nerves and blood vessels |
| Origins | proximal muscle attachment |
| Insertions | distal muscle attachment |
| Muscle tone | constant, slightly contracted state of all muscles, activated in response to input from stretch receptors in muscles; stabilizes joints, maintains posture |
| Hypotonia | decreased or lost muscle tone |
| Hypertonia | excessive muscle tone |
| Agonist | produces majority of force |
| Synergist | helps agonist by contribute additional force or providing stability |
| Fixator | stabilizes nearby joints |
| Antagonist | opposes action of agonist by slowing movement and maintaining body or limb position |
| Antagonistic pairs | muscles that act on opposite sides of a joint |
| Orbicularis oris | puckers/closes lips |
| Orbicularis oculi | closes eyelids |
| Zygomaticus major | elevates corners of the mouth |
| Depressor anguli oris | depresses the corners of the mouth |
| Buccinator | tenses cheeks |
| Frontalis | raises eyebrows |
| Temporalis | elevates and retracts mandible |
| Masseter | elevates and protracts mandible |
| Genioglossus | extrinsic tongue muscle that protrudes tongue |
| Anterior deltoid | flexes arm, medial rotation |
| Medial deltoid | abducts arm |
| Posterior deltoid | arm extension, lateral rotation |
| Rotator cuff (SITS muscles) | tendons merge with joint capsule to strengthen and stabilize joint and holds head of humerus against glenoid |
| Supraspinatus | abduction of the arm the first 15 degrees |
| Bicipital aponeurosis | protects underlying structures during venipuncture |
| Triceps surae | Calf: Gastrocnemius, Soleus, and Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon |
| Contractibility | allows muscle cells to shorten |
| Excitability | responses to stimuli |
| Extensibility | allows muscles to increase in length |
| Myofibril | multinucleated contractile organelle that makes up 80% of cell volume |
| Neuromuscular Joint | point of contact between motor neuron and muscle fiber, one on each muscle fiber |
| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | surrounds each myofibril, stores and release calcium, and attached to T tubules |
| T tubules | transmits electrical signal to the cell interior and initiates calcium release from the SR |
| Tropomyosin | thin filament regulatory protein; blocks myosin binding sites to prevent muscle spontaneous muscle contraction |
| Rigor Mortis | the contraction of muscles 3-4 hours after death in which ATP is no longer synthesized |
| illiopsoas | muscle agonist during hip flexion |
Created by:
MadisonFoleyReis
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