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UNIT 3 VOCAB EURO
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Peter the Great | Absolute Czar of Russia who launched a campaign to westernize Russia by putting the church under state control, modernizing the military and controlling the nobility. |
| Louis XIII (13th) | French king who succeeded Henry IV, reign was heavily influenced by Cardinal Richelieu and his mothe |
| Louis XIV (14th) | Absolute ruler of France known as the Sun King, built the palace of Versailles, believed in Mercantilism and created the intendant system. |
| Cardinal Richelieu | (1585-1642) French Cardinal and politician responsible for instituting absolutist practices in France |
| Cardinal Mazaren | Chief minister of France. Served Louis XIV, tried to increase royal power and revenue |
| Bishop Jacques Bossuet | principle advocate of divine right of kings during reign of Louis XIV-believed divine right meant that king was placed on throne by God, and therefore owed his authority to no man or group |
| James I | King of England and Scotland (1603-1625), known for uniting the crowns, spending lavishly, and commissioning the King James Bible. His reign saw tensions with Parliament over royal power. |
| Charles I | King of England who tried to use absolute control above the power of Parliament. His actions led to the English Civil War |
| Oliver Cromwell | Leader of the New Model Army during the English Civil War. Takes control of England as military dictator (Lord Protectorate), kills 40% of ethnic Irish |
| Charles II | restored the monarchy in England after the Civil War and reign of Cromwell, created a more positive relationship between king and parliament. Favored religious tolerance |
| James II | Creates a tense relationship with Parliament during his reign in England. Glorious Revolution occurs due to his actions and religious beliefs (Catholic) |
| Gustavus Adolphus | a prominent Swedish military leader who significantly impacted the Thirty Years' War by supporting Protestant forces against the Catholic Habsburg Empire, often considered the "father of modern warfare" due to his innovative military tactics |
| Phillip II | the King of Spain during the late 16th century, a Habsburg ruler known for his fervent Catholicism, consolidation of the Spanish Empire, and most notably, his attempt to invade England with the Spanish Armada in 1588 |
| Jean Baptiste Colbert | An economic advisor to Louis XIV he supported Mercantilism and tried to make France economically self sufficient , he also brought prosperity to France |
| Frederick William the Great Elector | Leader of Prussia, created a strong army with little resources that helped maintain Prussia as a central European power |
| Fronde | 1648-53. Brutal civil wars that struck France during the reign of Louis XIII between the crown and the nobility |
| Catalan Revolts | a series of uprisings by the people of Catalonia, a region in northeastern Spain, against the central Spanish government, often fighting for greater autonomy and cultural preservation following the War of Spanish Succession |
| English Civil War | War between the Loyalist, King supporting Cavaliers and the Parliament supporting Roundheads in England |
| Glorious Revolution | The bloodless coup of King James II, removing him from power. William and Mary gain political power and sign the English Bill of Rights |
| Agricultural Revolution | A period of innovation and invention the massively improved farming output |
| Dutch Golden Age | known for its economic prosperity built on urban consolidation. During this time much of the population lived in cities. New shipping routes allowed for an increase in money |
| War of Spanish Succession | 1701-1714, a war fought over who would rule after Louis XIV died without an heir to the title of king |
| Polish Partition | the three separate divisions of Polish territory between the late 18th century powers of Russia, Prussia, and Austria |
| Battle of Vienna (1683) | big military clash took place 1683, combined force of the HRE + Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, led King John III Sobieski, successfully defended Vienna against a siege by O-man Empire, marking significant turning point in O-man expansion in Europe |
| Absolutism | a political doctrine and practice in which a single ruler holds absolute power over the state and its people, often justified by divine right |
| Divine Right | belief that a monarch's power derives from God and represents him on earth |
| English Bill of Rights | document passed by the English Parliament in 1689, significantly limited the power of the monarchy + established key individual rights for citizens, also the right to petition, freedom of speech in Parliament, protection from cruel + unusual punishment |
| New Model Army | military force during the English Civil War by the Parliamentarians, led by Oliver Cromwell, which aimed to be more efficient + disciplined than previous armies; playing a crucial role in defeating the Royalists + leading to the death King Charles I |
| Parliament | Law making body of England, consisting of the House of Lords and House of Commons |
| Bank of England | Britain's effective central bank which issued uniform bank notes, extended short-term loans, and provided means for transferring capital for investment purposes |
| Navigation Acts | Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries. |
| Edict of Fontainebleau | Louis XIV-reversed the edict of nantes; took away huguenots right to practice calvinism so they either fled or were persecuted |
| Cottage Industry (Putting Out System) | Small-scale industry, usually textiles, that can be created in the home by the family using their own equipment |
| Gentry | well-to-do English landowners below the level of the nobility |
| Intendant System | weakened nobility; replaced local officials with civil servants; middle class or minor nobles; govt more efficient and controlled |
| Sovereignty | Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states |
| Boyers | Land owning nobles of Russia |
| Junkers | Land owning nobles of Prussia |
| Palace of Versailles | Major palace built to show the absolute power of King Louis XIV. |
| Treaty of Utrecht | 1713, ended War of Spanish Succession between Louis XIV's France and the rest of Europe; prohibited joining of French and Spanish crowns; ended French expansionist policy; ended golden age of Spain; vastly expanded British Empire |
Created by:
Sara Hill
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