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Ramon Pastores
Anatomy-Physiology Final Study Materials
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Refers to abnormal antigens on cancer cells; also called tumor-specific antigens | tumor markers |
| examples of cancer markers | CEA-carcinoembryonic antigen, AFP-alpha-fetoprotein, CA-125, PSA-prostate-specific antigen |
| cancer marker found normally in fetus and elevated in colorectal and other adult cancers | carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) |
| normal fetal protein, whose presence in the adult strongly suggests liver or germ cell cancer | alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) |
| tumor antigen associated with ovarian cancer | CA-125 |
| elevated in both benign and malignant prostate disease | PSA-prostate-specific antigen |
| Type of immunity developed through natural exposure which is not deliberate and occurs in the course of everyday living | natural immunity |
| Deliberate exposure to potentially harmful antigens | Artificial immunity or immunization |
| Type of immunity response that occurs when an individual's own immune system responds to a harmful agent, regardless of whether that agent was naturally or artificially encountered. | Active immunity |
| This immunity response results when immunity to a disease that has developed in another individual or animal is transferred to an individual who was not previously immune. Example: antibodies passed on when a mother nurses her baby. | Passive immunity |
| complex system of defense distinct from the systemic (internal) immune system; it is an innate and adaptive system that is localized to the these barriers of the body: digestive tract, urinary/reproductive tracts, respiratory, and so on | mucosal immune system |
| What is the function of mucosal immune system | Prevents pathogens from colonizing the mucous surfaces of the body, preventing the accidental absorption of antigens from outside the body , and preventing intense responses of the systemic immune system to these external antigens. |
| Name the advantages of mucosal immunization | more effective than immunization via the bloodstream as it activates both mucosal and systemic lymphocytes; easier to administer to patients as it can be delivered via nasal spray or drops instead of shots. |
| This is a type of inappropriate of excessive response of the immune system. | Hypersensitivity |
| Exampples of hypersensitivity | allergy, autoimmunity, and alloimmunity |
| refers to hypersensitivity of the immune system to relatively harmless environmental antigens. | allergy |
| type of hypersensitivity that is an inappropriate and excessive response to self-antigens | autoimmunity |
| normal but often undesirable or inappropriate reaction of the immune system to antigens from a different individual of the same species; also called isoimmunity | Alloimmunity |
| The antigens commonly involved in transplant rejection | major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins; or human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) |
| refers to the failure of immune system mechanisms to defend against pathogens | immunodeficiency or immune deficiency |
| Type of immunodeficiency that is develops after birth; not genetic related; AIDS is an example of this | acquired immunodeficiency |
| refers to genetic immunodeficiency | congenital immunodeficiency |
| Refers to type of reticular tissue that contains lymphocytes and other defensive cells | Lymphoid tissue |
| refers to lymphoid tissue called "Peyer patches" in the intestinal wall or the nodules of the vermiform appendix of the large intestines | aggregated lymphoid nodules |
| This is a clear, watery-appearing fluid found in these vessels of the same name | Lymph or lymphatic fluid |
| fluid that fills the spaces between the cells aside to blood plasma | Interstitial fluid (IF) |
| lymphatic vessels originating in the villi of the small intestine | lacteals |
| wall of this consists of a single layer of flattened endothelial cells. | lymphatic capillary |
| What are the main lymphatic trunks? | right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct |
| Lymph from the entire body, except for the upper right quadrant drains eventually into this duct | thoracic duct |
| Lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body empties into this duct | right lymphatic duct |
| This is where fatty lymph from the intestinal tract collects. | Cisterna chyli or chyle cistern |
| Lymphatics resemble veins in structure with these exceprtions: | Lymphatics have thinner walls; lymphatics contain more valves; lymphatics contain lymph nodes located at certain intervals along their course |
| refers to the flow of lymph | lymphokinesis |
| refers to the activities that result in the central movement, or flow of lymph | lymphokinetic actions |
| method of visualizing lymphartic vessels | lymphangiography |
| What drives the flow of lymph in the body? | Skeletal muscle contraction |
| the direction of these in both the afferent and efferent vessels keep lymph flowing in this direction | one-way valves |
| refers to the body's second line of defense mechanism; the process in which cells ingest and destroy other microorganisms or other small particles | phagocytosis |
| cells capable of ingesting and destroying microorganisms or small particles | phagocytes |
| what is the most numerous type of phagocyte cells in the body? | neutrophil |
| stellate (star-shaped cells); a type of phagocyte. | dendritic cell (DC) |
| 10 to 15% of all cells in any organ of the body are of these cells | Phagocytic cells |
| group of lymphocytes that kill many types of tumor cells and cells infected by different kinds of virus; as a group they are produced in the red bone marrow and constitute about 15% of the total lymphocyte cell numbers. | natural killer cells |
| released by cells to defend against invading viruses; these proteins interfere with the ability of the viruses to cause disease. | interferon (IFN) |
| name given to each of a group of about 20 inactive enzymes in the plasma and on cell surfaces; | Complement |
| complement pathway that is activated by antigen-antibody reactions | classical pathway |
| refers to a complement pathway triggered when mannose-binding lectin (MBL) attaches to mannose-rich surface structures on pathogenic bacteria. | lectin pathway |
| pathway triggered by different factors, such as polysaccharides on bacteria | alternative pathway |
| any molecule, substance, or foreign particle, that can trigger an immune response in the body, leading to the production of antibodies or T-cell receptors. | antigen |
| What are the divisions of the stomach? | fundus, body, & pylorus |
| refers to the upper right surface of the stomach | lesser curvature |
| curve formed by the lower left surface of the stomach | greater curvature |
| This regulates the passage of material at both stomach openings | sphincter muscles |
| This muscle controls the opening of the esophagus into the stomach | lower esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter |
| This controls the opening from the pyloric portion of the stomach into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum) | pyloric sphincter |
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