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Chapter 18: Blood V
Chapter 18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Blood from the right side of the heart is delivered to | lungs |
| The right side of the heart has what circulatory system? | pulmonary system |
| Blood from the left side of the heart is delivered to | cells cells cells |
| The left side of the heart has what circulatory system? | Systemic |
| Blood from the lungs returns to the ______ side of the heart | left |
| Blood from systemic veins returns to the ______ side of the heart | right |
| Is blood in the right side of the heart oxygen-rich or oxygen-poor? | oxygen-poor |
| Is blood in the left side of the heart oxygen-rich or oxygen-poor? | oxygen-rich |
| Name the cavities that the heart is located in? | thoracic, visceral, and pericardial cavity |
| Which side of the heart is the base, which side is the apex? | Base is superior and apex is inferior |
| What tissue is the fibrous pericardium made of? | Dense irregular connective tissue |
| What is the function of the fibrous pericardium? | Protects the heart and anchors it in place |
| Which layer of the serous pericardium lines the compartment of the heart? | parietal pericardium |
| Which layer of the serous pericardium is on the surface of the heart? | visceral pericardium |
| What is the space between the visceral and parietal pericardium? | pericardial fluid |
| What is the function of the pericardial fluid? | reduces friction |
| What is another name for visceral pericardium? | epicardium |
| Which layer secretes pericardial fluid? | epicardium |
| List the layers in order from superficial to deep: | epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium |
| The epicardium can also be called: | visceral pericardium |
| What is the function of the epicardium? | cells secrete pericardial fluid |
| Which layer is made of cardiac cells? | myocardium |
| Which layers can contract? | myocardium |
| The endocardium is continuous with the ______ which lines blood vessels | endothelium |
| When the right atrium contracts, which other chamber contracts simultaneously? | Left atrium |
| When the right ventricle contracts, which other chamber contracts simultaneously? | Left ventricle |
| What structure divides the right atrium and left atrium? | interatrial septum |
| What structure divides the right ventricle and left ventricle? | interventricular septum |
| Name three vessels that deliver blood to the right atrium: | super vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus |
| Name the vessel that leaves the right ventricle? | pulmonary trunk |
| Name the vessels that return blood to the left atrium? | 4 pulmonary veins |
| Name the vessel the left ventricle pumps blood into? | Aorta |
| Parallel ridges seen inside the atria are? | Pectinate muscles |
| Which atrium is the SA node in? | right atrium |
| What is the exact location of the node? | Crista terminalis of the right atrium |
| Which one is found in the fetus: foramen ovale or fossa ovalis? | foramen ovalis |
| What is the function of the foramen ovale? | Connects the right atrium to the left atrium. |
| What are the ridges of muscle visible inside the ventricle found? | trabeculae carnae |
| Name the muscles which are attached to the chordae tendineae? | papillary muscles |
| Which ventricle has the thicker muscle wall, left or right? | left |
| Why is this difference of muscle present? | The left side has to work much harder to pump the blood to all cells of the body. |
| Name the two atrioventricular (AV) valves? | tricuspid and bicuspid |
| If the blood is in the left ventricle, where does it go next? | aorta through the aortic semilunar valve |
| If the blood is in the left atrium, where did it come from? | 4 pulmonary veins |
| If blood is in the anterior interventricular artery, did it come from the left or right coronary artery? | left coronary artery |
| Name the venous structure that all the veins connect to: | Great cardiac vein which dumps into the coronary sinus |
| Name the structure that delivers blood from the coronary circulation to the right atrium: | coronary sinus |
| Right coronary artery branches into: | Marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery |
| Left coronary artery branches into: | circumflex artery and anterior interventricular artery |
| A joining of blood vessels is an: | Anastomosis |
| An alternative pathway created by an anastomosis is a: | collateral |
| Temporal insufficient blood supply is called: | ischemia |
| Transient chest pain from ischemia is called: | Angina pectoris |
| Myocardial infarction is the correct term for a: | Heart attack |
| Are cardiac muscle cells striated? | Yes |
| What are the connections between cardiac muscle cells called | intercalated discs |
| What types of cell-to-cell connections are found in an intercalated disc? | Gap junctions and desmosomes |
| Why do cardiac muscle cells need a lot of mitochondria? | They need a lot of ATP |
| Is the sarcoplasmic reticulum the same size as skeletal muscle cells? | No, it's much smaller |
| What is the function of myoglobin? | Store of oxygen inside cardiac muscle cells for emergencies |
| Which type of cells cand depolarize automatically? | Autorhythmic |
| Which type of cells do the contacting and squeezing? | Contractile |
| Name the two atrioventricular (AV) valves: | Tricuspid and bicuspid |
| Name the two semilunar (SL) valves: | pulmonary and semilunar valve and aortic semilunar valve |
| Which valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle? | tricuspid valve |
| Which valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk? | pulmonary semilunar valve |
| Which valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle | bicuspid valves |
| Which valve is between the left ventricle and aorta? | Aortic semilunar valve |
| Which AV valve has 3 flaps? | tricuspid valve |
| Which AV valve has 2 flaps? | bicuspid valve |
| What is another name for the bicuspid valve? | Mitral valve |
| What types of fibers are the chordae tendineae made of? | collagen |
| Which valves are the chordae tendineae attached to ? | AV valves (tricuspid and bicuspid valves) |
| Do semilunar valves have chordae tendineae? | No |
| Does contraction of papillary muscles help close the valve? | No |
| What is the function of papillary muscles? | It helps keep the valves closed. Prevents blow back into atrium when ventricle contracts hard. |
| Which makes a sound? Valves closing or opening? | closing |
| The closure of which valves make the first heart sound "Lub"? | AV valves (bicuspid and tricuspid) close simultaneously, 1 sound |
| The closure of which valves make the second heart sound "Dub"? | Semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) close simultaneously, 1 sound |
| What has happened to the valve in stenosis? | valve became stiff, restricting flow through the valve |
| What is the cause of heart murmur? | Turbulent movement of blood through abnormal valve |
| Parts of the heart that have autorhythmic cells: | SA node, AV node, bundle branches of His, and Purkinje fibers |
| Which part of the intrinsic conduction pathway acts as the pacemaker? | SA node |
| What is the RMP in a contractile cardiac muscle cells? | -90 mV |
| Opening of which channels cause the initial depolarization? | Sodium |
| During the plateau phase, which channels are open and which ion is flowing into the cell? | Calcium |
| Which channels open to cause repolarization back to RMP? | Potassium |
| Can the cell have another action potential during absolute refractory period? | No |
| Can the cell have another action potential during relative refractory period? | Yes |
| Do autorhythmic cells have a steady RMP? | No |
| What types of leaky channels are present in an autorhythmic cell? | Sodium |
| The fact that the membrane potential always drifts to threshold is called the _______ potential. | pacemaker |
| Which action potential lasts longer, skeletal or cardiac muscle cells? | Cardiac |
| Which has the longer refractory period, skeletal or cardiac muscle cells? | Cardiac |
| Whose contraction lasts longer, skeletal or cardiac muscle cells? | Cardiac |
| Why is the delay at the AV node vital for normal heart function? | Allows blood to get into the ventricle |
| Cells in which area of the heart have the most leaky channels and hit the threshold first? | pacemaker cells in the SA node of right atrium |
| If the SA nodes are damaged, which is the next fastest area? | Cells in AV node |
| Do cardiac muscle cells ever get complete (fused) tetanus? | No, refractory period is too long to allow tetanus |
| So, calcium for cardiac muscle cell comes from, two sources, name them: | Extracellular fluid and the small sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| At rest, what is blocking actin/myosin interaction? | Troponin/ tropomyosin complex |
| How does calcium help start a contraction? | Calcium moves the complex away allowing actin and myosin to interact |
| If you increase the amount if available calcium, will you increase or decrease the amount of tension generated?? | Increase |
| What are the two sources of calcium for cardiac muscle cell contraction? | In from extracellular fluid through VOCC and the small sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| Where is the cardiovascular control center? | medulla oblongata |
| Sympathetic nerves which innervate the heart are in which cranial nerve? | Vagus X |
| If you increase sympathetic stimulation, what will happen to heart rate? | Increase |
| If you decrease sympathetic stimulation, what will happen to heart rate? | Decrease |
| If you increase parasympathetic stimulation, what will happen to heart rate? | Decrease |
| If you decrease parasympathetic stimulation, what will happen to heart rate? | Increase |
| What is the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system? | Norepinephrine |
| What affect does acetylcholine (ACH) have on the RMP? Does it bring it closer to or further away from threshold? | It brings it further away from threshold, meaning that cell will now take longer to reach action potential |
| What affect does noradrenaline (NOR) have on the RMP? Does it bring it closer to or further away from threshold? | It brings it closer to threshold, making it easier for action potential to occur |
| Does noradrenaline increase or decrease heart rate? | Increase |
| What is neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system? | Acetylcholine |
| Does acetylcholine increase or decrease heart rate? | Decrease |
| Which branch of the ANS comes out of the cardiac inhibitory center? | Parasympathetic NS |
| Which branch of the ANS comes out of the cardiac acceleratory center? | Sympathetic NS |
| What we call a "normal" ECG is recorded in which lead? | Lead II |
| When you see a p wave, which tissue of the heart is depolarazing? | Atria |
| If a muscle cell depolarizes, will the muscle cell contract or relax? | contract |
| When you see the P wave, which areas of the heart will contract? | Atria |
| Why is there a pause at the P-Q segment? | Electrical signal is traveling from SA node to AV node, allows blood to flow from atria to ventricles |
| When you see the QRS complex, which area of the heart is depolarizing? | Ventricle |
| When you see the QRS complex, which area of the heart will contract? | Ventricle |
| If a muscle cell repolarizes back to RMP, will the muscle contract or relax? | Relax |
| When you see a T wave, which area of the heart is repolarizing? | Ventricles |
| When you see a T wave, which area of the heart will relax? | Ventricles |
| During which wave do the atria repolarize and relax? | Q wave |
| A faster than usual heart rate is called? | Tachycardia |
| A slower than usual heart rate is called? | Brachycardia |
| An irregular heart rhythm is called? | Arrhythmia |
| Uncontrolled atrial or ventricular contractions are called? | Fibrillation |
| If a person has atrial fibrillation (A-FIB) there will be extra _____ waves on the ECG? | P |
| What is the most deadly ECG pattern which causes people on medical dramas to yell out V-FIB? | Ventricular fibrillation |
| Do dead cells conduct electricity? | No |
| What is the function of a defibrillator? | Depolarizes all cells in hope to get them back in sync. |
| Describe 1st degree heart block: | Impulses are slower, message still gets through. |
| Describe 2nd degree heart block: | Some impulses make it through, others don’t. You’ll see extra P waves on ECG |
| Describe 3rd degree heart block: | No messages coming through at all. ECG will be a jumble with waves out of synch |
| Does the graph show pressures for the left or right side of the heart? | Left |
| If the heart is contracting, is that systole or diastole? | Systole |
| If the heart is relaxing, is that systole or diastole? | Diastole |
| Does the heart spend more time in systole or diastole? | diastole (2/3 of time) |
| If the heart speeds up, which can be shortened more, systole or diastole? | Diastole |
| If the volume of a compartment goes down, what happens to the pressure? | Pressure goes up |
| If a heart chamber contracts, what happens to the volume of that chamber? | Volume decreases |
| So, if a heart chamber contracts, what will happen to the pressure inside? | Pressure increases |
| Blood flows from areas of _____ pressure to areas of ______ pressure | high, low |
| When you see the P wave, which chambers contract? | Atria |
| Describe the AV valves during atrial systole. Open or closed? | open |
| Which ECG waves will be seen when before the ventricle pressure starts to increase? | QRS |
| What is meant by isovolumetric contraction? | The volume is not changing but the pressure is, ALL 4 VALVES ARE CLOSED HERE |
| Describe the state of all valves (open/closed) during isovolumetric contraction? | closed |
| What causes the semilunar valves to open? | When the pressure of the ventricle exceeds the pressure of the semilunar valves |
| Describe the state of the semilunar valves during the ejection phase: | Open, blood goes through valve into aorta |
| What happens to pressure in the aorta during the ejection phase? | pressure increase |
| Which wave will be visible on the ECG as pressure in the ventricle drops? | T wave |
| When the pressure in the ventricle falls below the pressure in the aorta, what will happen to the semilunar valves? | they will close |
| Closure of which valve causes the dicrotic notch? | Aortic semilunar valves |
| The volume at the end of heart filling is called the: | end diastolic volume (EDV) |
| The volume at the end of heart contraction is called the: | end systolic volume (ESV) |
| The difference between the two (EDV – ESV) is equal to: | Stroke volume |
| EDV is 100 and SV is 60, what is ESV? | 40 mL |
| EDV is 140 and ESV is 60, what is SV? | 80 mL |
| Is most ventricular filling active or passive? | Passive |
| How much blood does atrial contraction contribute to ventricular filling? | Only about 20% |
| Does the heart empty completely during ventricular systole? | No, always some blood left behind |
| If CO is 5 l/min and HR is 100bpm, what is SV? | 50 mL |
| If HR is 60 bpm and SV is 90 bpm, what is CO? | 5.4 mL |
| What is the range for CO in a normal person? | 5-6 L/min |
| How many liters of blood is in a normal person? | 5-6 L/min |
| So that means, during each minute, what % of blood passes through the heart? | 100% |
| If your aorta bursts (aortic aneurysm), how much time before you die? | 1 minute |
| Who has a larger cardiac reserve, the fit or the unfit? | fit |
| What does preload refer to? | blood coming into heart |
| Are cardiac muscle cell sarcomeres at the “just right” length in the resting heart? | no |
| Does stretching the sarcomeres increase or decrease the strength of contraction? | increase |
| Does preload change the ESV or EDV? | EDV, changes the amount of filling |
| Describe the central thesis of the Frank-Starling Law of the Heart. | Increase in filling increases contraction, if more blood comes in, more has to be pumped out |
| Explain how exercise increases preload. | As skeletal muscle contracts, and breathing gets deeper, more blood is returned to the heart, an increased preload. The stretching of the sarcomeres by this extra blood causes a Harder strength of squeeze, and more blood is pushed on into the aorta |
| If you turn on the sympathetic NS, which neurotransmitter is released? | Norepinephrine |
| Nor uses a G protein pathway and second messengers to increase the release of which ion from the Sarcoplasmic reticulum? | calcium |
| If there is more calcium, what happens to the strength of contraction? | Increases, more actin/myosin interactions |
| What is a “positive inotropic effect”? | Harder contraction/pump |
| Name some things that have a positive inotropic effect: | Epinephrine, norepinephrine, extra calcium |
| What is a “negative inotropic effect”? | Weaker contraction |
| Name some things that have a negative inotropic effect. | Acetylcholine, excess potassium |
| The narrower a blood vessel is, the harder/easier (delete one) it is to push blood through it. | harder |
| Name some ways a blood vessel could get blocked/narrowed. | plaque, clot |
| If the aorta is blocked by an atherosclerotic plaque will that affect HR, preload, contractility or HR? | afterload |
| What will happen to CO if there is aortic blockage? | CO will decrease, as SV decreases because it will be harder to push blood through the vessel |
| What will happen to CO if you infuse NOR into a patient? | It will increase as HR and SV will increase |
| Will increased sympathetic activity increase preload, afterload or contractility? | Contractility as affects calcium entry and release |
| If the heart rate increases, will CO increase or decrease? | Increase |
| If you infuse NOR will the heart rate increase or decrease? | increase |
| What is a positive chronotropic effect? | Speeds up, sympathetic NS |
| Name something that has a positive chronotropic effect: | Nor, young age, excess calcium |
| What is a negative chronotropic effect? | Slows down, parasympathetic NS |
| Name something that has a negative chronotropic effect: | Ach, old age, excess sodium and potassium |
| Name some common causes of heart failure: | Myocardial infarction, high blood pressure |
| When the left side of the heart has failed, where will the blood pool? What will the symptoms be? | Lungs- trouble breathing, look blue |
| When the right side of the heart has failed, where will the blood pool? What will the symptoms be? | Systemic cells – edema in legs/arms (swelling) |
Created by:
Tomiii
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