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Anatomy Flashcards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are common types of bone fractures and how do they differ? | Comminuted: bone breaks into several pieces. Greenstick: incomplete break, common in children. Spiral: twisting forces cause fracture. Compression: bone is crushed (common in vertebrae). Epiphyseal: fracture through growth plate. |
| What are the main differences between compact bone and spongy bone? | Compact bone: dense, forms outer layer, organized into osteons for strength. Spongy bone: porous, forms trabeculae that align with stress lines; houses red bone marrow for hematopoiesis. |
| What hormones regulate bone remodeling and calcium balance? | Parathyroid hormone (PTH): increases osteoclast activity → raises blood Ca²⁺. Calcitonin: decreases osteoclast activity → lowers blood Ca²⁺. Vitamin D (calcitriol): promotes Ca²⁺ absorption in intestines and supports bone mineralization. |
| What is the role of the epiphyseal plate and what happens to it at maturity? | The epiphyseal (growth) plate is a layer of cartilage where longitudinal bone growth occurs during development. It ossifies into the epiphyseal line once growth ceases after puberty. |
| Describe the structure and function of an osteon in compact bone. | An osteon (Haversian system) is the structural unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric lamellae surrounding a central (Haversian) canal that contains blood vessels and nerves. Canaliculi connect osteocytes for nutrient and waste exchange. |
| What are the two main divisions of the skeletal system, and which bones are included in each? | Axial skeleton: skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. Appendicular skeleton: limbs and girdles (shoulder and pelvic). |
| Describe the difference between tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions in tissues. | Tight junctions: seals between cells, preventing passage of molecules between cells Desmosomes: Hold cells together under mechanical stress Gap junctions: channels allowing direct communication (ions, small molecules) between adjacent cells |
| What are the four major classes of biomolecules? | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids |
| Define homeostasis and give two examples of negative feedback mechanisms in the human body. | Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes. Examples of negative feedback: Regulation of body temperature (sweating/shivering) Blood glucose regulation (insulin lowers, glucagon raises) |
| What are the four major types of bone cells and their functions? | Osteoprogenitor cells: stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts. Osteoblasts: build new bone matrix (bone formation). Osteocytes: mature bone cells that maintain the matrix. Osteoclasts: break down bone tissue (bone resorption). |
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