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Human Physiology
Human Physiology review: skin, bones, and calcium regulation.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two main layers of the skin? | The epidermis and dermis; the epidermis forms the outer barrier, while the dermis provides strength and elasticity. |
| From which cells does the epidermis originate? | It arises from stem cells in the stratum basale that divide and move upward to form new skin layers. |
| What are the five layers of the epidermis? | Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum. |
| What is the main function of keratin in the skin? | Keratin strengthens skin cells, prevents water loss, and protects against friction and pathogens. |
| List three key functions of the skeletal system. | Support, protection, and movement of the body through joint and muscle interaction. |
| Why do astronauts lose bone mass in space? | Microgravity reduces mechanical stress on bones, leading to faster bone resorption than formation. |
| What are two ways astronauts can reduce bone loss in space? | Perform resistance exercises and take calcium and vitamin D supplements. |
| What is the main function of the parathyroid gland? | It regulates calcium levels in the blood by releasing parathyroid hormone (PTH). |
| What happens if the parathyroid gland fails to respond to calcium? | Blood calcium drops, causing muscle spasms, tingling, or tetany. |
| Name five ways to improve bone health. | Eat calcium-rich foods, get sunlight for vitamin D, exercise regularly, avoid smoking/alcohol, and maintain a healthy weight. |
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