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Blood/Lymphatic
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Main function of blood | transport medium. Picks up food and oxygen from other systems and transports hormones, enzymes, antibodies, buffers, etc. |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells, transport carbon dioxide and oxygen. most numerous element in the blood. |
| leukocytes | white blood cells, protect body against infection. produced in Red bone marrow. |
| thrombocytes | platelets. responsible for coagulation (blood clotting) and assist in hemostasis. |
| plasma | fluid portion of the blood, made up of water and several dissolved organic substances. |
| hemoglobin | principle pigment of the erythrocyte. composed of protein chains that contain iron atoms. |
| Where are erythrocytes produced? | Red bone marrow and they are without a nucleus to make room for hemoglobin. |
| What are the two classifications of leukocytes? | Agranular and granular. Granulocytes have protein granules. |
| Agranular cells | Lymphocytes, monocytes (Major Loser) |
| Granular cells | Basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil, (BEN) |
| Basophils | large granules, dark blue or purple stain, mobile cell. Basophils produce hystomine and heparin. Nuclei looks like letter "S." |
| Eosinophils | large granules, reddish orange stain. Nuclei resembles headphones. Eosinophils help to protect against allergies. |
| Neutrophils | granulocyte with pinkish purple stain, most numerous of all leukocytes. these cells can contain two, three, or four lobes, protect body by performing phagocytosis |
| Lymphocytes | smallest of all leukocytes, spherical nucleus, pale blue stain, specialize into the T-cells. |
| Monocytes | largest of all leukocytes. kidney bean-shaped nucleus, bluish grey cytoplasm. These cells protect the body by performing phagocytosis. |
| T-cells | Responsible for attacking antigens/infected cells. |
| B-cells | type of lymphocyte that produce antigens |
| Hemostasis | stopping of blood flow. 3 stages: -vascular spasm -platelet plug formation -coagulation |
| Vascular spasm | smooth muscle contracts when arteriole or venule is impaired. serotonin stimulates blood vessel walls to contract and decreases blood loss immediately! |
| Platelet plug formation | platelets stick to exposed ends of injured blood vessels and each other to help form a plug in the break. Platelets will stick to any surface which makes blood clotting possible. |
| Coagulation | actual formation of blood clot. intrinsic (internal) and extrinsic (exterior) are the two mechanisms. strong netting is formed over blood vessel so that it can heal. |
| Thrombus (thrombi) | stationary blood clot. can be life threatening depending where in the body the clot is. |
| Embolus (emboli) | moving blood clot. when a thrombus has been carried away from the original site. Embolus will travel until it reaches a narrow blood vessels. |
| Which organs does and embolus usually affect? | heart, lung, brain, and kidneys. |
| What are the four blood types? | A, B, AB, and O. blood types are based on the antigen found on the membrane of the red blood cells. |
| antigen | a substance on the surface of erythrocytes that determine blood type. |
| antibody | found in blood plasma produced by lymphocytes and is used to attack and neutralize foreign antigens |
| Anemia | lack of red blood cells or deficiency of hemoglobin. |
| Hemorrhagic anemia | decrease in # of circulating erythrocytes because of hemorrhage or bleeding |
| Aplastic anemia | inability of red bone marrow to produce erythrocytes |
| Iron deficiency anemia | not enough iron, impairs the body's ability to make normal hemoglobin. |
| Hemolytic anemia | abnormal destruction of erythrocytes. |
| Hemolytic disease of the newborn | when the mother is Rh- and fetus is Rh+. Is usually only harmful to a second born baby. |
| Hemophilia | When the body is unable to produce the clotting factor resulting is excess bleeding when damaged |
| Leukemia | Cancer of white blood cells. Overproduction of immature white blood cells. |
| Pernicious anemia | dietary deficiency of VB 12. Abnormally large cells are produced. |
| thymus | Lymphatic organ located posterior of sternum. where T-lymphocytes are matured |
| What are the six main organs of the lymphatic system? | Tonsils, thymus, lymph nodes, lymph vessels. spleen, red bone marrow |
| Red bone marrow | soft tissue located deep into the bone that produces blood cells |
| lymph nodes | small oval bundles of lymphatic tissue connected by lymph vessels. They are found scattered throughout the body and have a main function of filtering out viruses or anything to threaten the immune system. |
| lymph vessels | connect lymph nodes and act as a road for lymph fluid |
| Type A | Antigen A Antibody B |
| Type B | Antigen B Antibody A |
| Type AB | Antigens A&B Antibodies = neither |
| Type O | Antigens = none Antibodies A&B |
| Describe Rh factor | It is the presence of absence of a protein antigen on the surface of a erythrocyte. |
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