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Lubaton
Anatomy/physiology Week 1-7
| 5 functions of bones | Support, protect, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation |
| Support (bone function) | contributes to shape, alignment and positioning |
| protect (bone function) | skull-> brain; ribs-> heart and lungs; arms-> abdomen & face |
| movement (bone function) | joints between bones create levers; muscles anchor to bones and use joints as levers |
| mineral storage (bone function) | Bones stores calcium, phosphorous, & various other minerals |
| blood cell formation (bone function) | blood cell formation in red marrow; creates red & white blood cells |
| ligaments | Fibrous bands that hold bones together |
| cartilage | collagenous fiber reinforces it; fibers are embedded in a firm gel; avascular; gets replaced with bone |
| Compact bone | dense & solid in appearnce |
| cancellous bone | network of thin branched crossbeams; aka spongy bone or trabecular bone; makes up 20% of total bone mass |
| Long bones | longer than it is wide (i.e. femur) |
| short bones | cube or box shaped; as broad as long; i.e. carpals and tarsals |
| flat bones | broad and thin with a flattened and often curved surface; i.e. shoulder blades, ribs, breast bone |
| irregular bones | clustered in groups; various shapes and sizes; i.e. vertebrae or facial bones |
| Sesamoid bones | grouped with irregular bones; often appear singly; i.e. patella |
| Diaphysis | main shaft portion; hollow, made up of compact bone; hollow insides contain yellow marrow |
| Epiphyses | distal ends of a long bone; made of of cancellous bone; contain red marrow |
| epiphyseal plate | layer of cartilage that separate epiphyses from diaphysis; only present in early development; forms epiphyseal line |
| articular cartilage | hyaline cartilage that covers the the articular surfaces of the joint surfces on the epiphyses |
| periosteum | dense white fibrous membrane that covers where articular cartilage doesn; this is where muscle tendons tend to anchor to the bone; also contains osteoclasts and -blasts |
| medullary cavity | aka marrow cavity; in the diaphysis; contains fat and triglycerides (the yellow marrow) |
| endeosteum | thin fibrous membrane that lines the medullary cavity |
| Flat bone structure | compact bone sandwich with cancellous bone in the middle; covvered in periousteum and lived with enosteum; red marrow in the cancellous bones |
| Osseous tissue | a form of connective tissue that makes up bones; extracellular matrix is hard and ossified; contains collagen |
| Bone matrix composition | subdivided into inorganic salts and organic matrix; 2/3s is inorganic salts, 1/3 organic material |
| inorganic salts | rocklike crystals of calcium and phosphate (hyroxyapatite) makes up 85% of salts; 10% is calcium carbonate, magnesium, sodium, sulfate, & fluoride |
| Organic matrix | made up of collagenous fibers, proteins, and polysaccharides (ground substance) |
| Lamellae | cylinder shaped layers of compact bone that make up Osteons |
| Osteon | haversian systems; layers of osteons |
| lacunae | spaces between lamellae that hold tissue fluid |
| central/haversian canals | canals that hold veins, arteries, and nerves |
| Order of compact bone things (largest to smallest/outside in) | Osteon ->lamellae ->lacunae -> haversian canals |
| canaliculi | ultra small canals that go in all directions (usually perpendicular to haversian canals) |
| Trabeculae | bony crisscrossing branches in cancelous bone; fractal in nature |
| 3 types of bone cells | Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes |
| Osteoblasts | synthesize and secrete osteoid which contains collagen strands that serve as framework for phroxyapatite crystals |
| Osteoclasts | erodes bone by releasing HCl and collagenase; dissolved material gets absorbed by the bloodstream |
| Osteocytes | found in lacunae; mature osteoblasts |
| Ostenogenic stem cells | found in endosteum and lining of the central canals |
| Bone Marrow (aka myeloid tissue) | where blood cells are made; found in medullary cavities & spongy bone cavities; red marrow = hematopoeisis; yellow marrow = fat storage for energy |
| chondrocytes | cartilage cells |
| perichondrium | fibrous covering of cartilage that has capillaries |
| 3 types of cartilage | Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage |
| Hyaline cartilage | most common type; milk glass like appearnce; covers articular surfaces of bones; connects anterior ends of ribs with the sternum; forms rings of the trachea and bronchi as well as the tip of the nose |
| Elastic cartilage | gives form to the ear; is in the epiglottis; make up the eustachian tubes |
| Fibrocartilage | abundant fibrous elements; found in the pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks, near points of attachment for some large tendons |
| cartilage functions | shock absorption; pliable support; growth in bones |
| Interstitial cartilage growth | cartilage cells divide and secrete matrix; growth occurs within the cartilage; usually just during childhood and adolescence when someone is growing |
| appositional cartilage growth | when chondrocytes deep in the tissue divide and new matrix is deposited on the surface; continues throughout someone's life |
| Calcium homeostasis | skeletal system holds 98% of calcium reserves; calcatonin and parahyroid hormone both control levels of blood calcium |
| Calcitonin | a protein hormone produced by the thyroid; respons to high calcium levels by stimulating osteoblasts and inhibiting osteoclasts; far less important than PTH |
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