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A+P Exam #2
Skeletal System Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Calcium homeostasis | the regulation of skeletal remodeling by balancing intake, excretion, and exchanges between skeleton and blood |
| Hypocalcemia | low calcium levels; causes nerve and muscle cells to become overly excitable causing spasms and/or tetany |
| Tetany | a medical condition characterized by muscle spasms and cramps; can be due to low calcium levels |
| Hypercalcemia | high calcium levels; causes nerve and muscle cells to become less responsive leading to weakness and low reflexes |
| Calcitriol | Active form of vitamin D produced by actions of skin, liver, and kidneys that raises blood calcium levels; UV activated |
| Calcitonin | substance secreted by thyroid in response to hypercalcemia; inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | substance secreted by parathyroid glands in response to hypocalcemia; Stimulates osteoclast activity inhibits osteoblast activity, reduces calcium excretion in kidneys, and promotes calcitriol synthesis |
| Wolff’s law | bones remodel in response to habitual demands like exercise |
| Stress fracture | caused by abnormal trauma to a bone |
| Pathological fracture | break in a bone weakened by disease |
| Osteoporosis | excessive resorption leads to severe loss of bone density, leaving cancellous bone of spine and femur vulnerable; many risk factors |
| Suture | immobile joints that are filled with connective tissue; wide and flexible during infancy |
| Transverse foramen | holes on lateral sides of vertebrae that transmit arteries |
| Costal facets | depressions of thoracic vertebra that articulate with ribs |
| Intervertebral discs | made of fibrocartilage with gel-like center that allow for mobility and absorbs force |
| Styloid processes | ligament attachment sites |
| Patella | knee cap bone; largest sesamoid bone; initially cartilaginous @ birth |
| Fibrous Joint | joined by dense CT; immobile |
| Cartilaginous Joint | joined by cartilage (hyaline or fibrocartilage); slightly mobile |
| Synovial Joint | joint cavity closed by joint capsule made of articular cartilage; completely mobile |
| Plane joint | flat articular surfaces slide over each other to provide multidirectional movement |
| Hinge joint | convex end of bone articulates with c-shaped depression to allow for flexion and extension |
| Pivot joint | rounded portion of bone partically enclosed by ligament that allows for rotation |
| Ball-and-socket joint | rounded head of one bone fit into the corresponding depression in the adjacent bone to provide multidirectional movement |
| Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint | lies between glenoid fossa and head of humerus; dislocates easily |
| Coxal (hip) joint | lies between the head of femur and acetabulum, bound tightly by ligaments; hard to dislocate |
| Ligamentum Teres | carries artery to head of femur |
| Medial and lateral menisci | cushions and stabilizes knee |
| Medial and lateral collateral ligaments | prevents lateral deviations in knee |
| Anterior cruciate ligament | prevents hyperextension in knee |
| Posterior cruciate ligament | prevents posterior displacement of tibia |
| Talocrural (ankle) joint | lies among tibia, fibula, and talus including the talotibial joint and talofibular joint which are classified as hinge joints; supported by several strong ligaments |
| Intertarsal joints | classified as plane joint providing inversion and eversion; supported by several strong ligaments |
| Trabeculae | branching projections laid down by cancellous bone |
| Osteoclasts | function in bone remodeling by breaking down osseous tissue; Consume |
| Collagen (w/ respect to bones) | the primary protein fiber found in the skeletal extracellular matrix |
| Osteoblast | responsible for secreting osteoid and Building Bone. |
| Wolff's law | claims the thickness and shape of a bone is dependent on the stresses placed upon the bone |
| Appositional growth | results in an increase in bone diameter |
| Articular cartilage | hyaline cartilage retained on epiphyses |
| Epiphyseal plate | site of continued bone growth |
| Osteocytes | osteoblasts trapped in matrix that work to maintain matrix, repair damage, and sense mechanical stress |
| Osteogenesis imperfecta | congenital defect of collagen where bones are brittle and easily fractured |
| Rickets and Osteomalacia | inadequate calcification of bone ECM usually from Vit. D deficiency, causing bones to become soft and easily deformed |
| Cortical bone | compact bone creating the dense outer shell |
| Cancellous bone | Spongey bone creating the loosely organized interior bone |
| Periosteum | Layers of dense irregular connective tissue providing external covering |
| Endosteum | Layers of dense irregular connective tissue providing internal lining |
| Epiphyses | enlarged ends of bones with cancellous bone internally and articular cartilage externally |
| Diaphysis | shaft made up of cortical bone; contains yellow bone marrow internally |
Created by:
MadisonFoleyReis
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