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patho ch 5 infection
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is an infection | breach of 3 lines of defense leading to cellular, tissue or organ destruction by pathogen |
| 3 lines of defense | 1. physical/chemical barriers (skin, mucosa, secretions) 2. innate immunity (inflammatory response, phagocytes) 3. adaptive immunity (lymphocytes/antibodies) |
| difference between innate and adaptive immunity | nonspecific (innate) vs specific (adaptive) |
| 6 characteristics of pathogens | potency (virulence), invasiveness, immune evasion, toxin production, adherence, tissue damage |
| virulence | the potency/severity of pathogen |
| infectivity | likelihood of infection after exposure |
| toxigenicity | ability to produce toxins |
| antigenicity | ability to provoke immune response |
| antigenic variability | ability to mutate surface proteins and evade antibody detection/immune response |
| defense mechanisms of pathogens | capsule, slime layer, resistance to phagocytosis |
| coinfection | simultaneous infections with multiple pathogens ie. gonorrhea/chlamydia |
| superinfection | new infection on top of existing one (different strain of same pathogen) |
| bacteria are | prokaryotes with cell walls (may be gram +/-) |
| viruses are | acellular and need host cells cause cell death, modify function or insert into host DNA |
| gram + | thick peptidoglycan and will stain purple |
| gram - | thin wall and stain red, endotoxin |
| antibiotics target... | peptidoglycan wall to avoid harming human cells |
| anaerobic bacteria | no O2 needed, can be seen deeper in the human body |
| aerobic bacteria | need O2 to survive |
| capsule purpose | antiphagocytic protective measure of bacteria |
| endotoxin | released by gram (-) bacteria trigger massive inflammatory reaction like shock |
| exotoxin | both gram +/-; trigger tissue specific effects ie. neurotoxin (botulism) and hepatotoxin |
| endospore | allows bacteria to survive in harsh conditions |
| how do viruses spread | via virions |
| examples of viruses that can go latent | herpes simplex, varicella zoster |
| chronicity of viral infections | immune evasion, host factors like immature immunity |
| latency of viral infections | viral dormancy with later reactivation ie. stress-induced herpes outbreak |
| unique pathogens | rickettsiae mycoplasma chlamydiae |
| what is unique about rickettsiae | it is a bacterium, but is obligate intracellular (INTRACELLULAR) |
| what is unique about mycoplasma | has no cell wall |
| what is unique about chlamydiae | reproduction by binary fission but is obligate intracellular (intracellular) |
| what are fungi | large eukaryotic organisms such as yeast and mold |
| yeasts are | unicellular and budding |
| molds are | multicellular with hyphae |
| hyphae | filament like cells |
| mycoses | fungal infection, often superficial but invasive in immunocompromised |
| protozoa | unicellular and motile without cell wall, competes for host nutrient and cause tissue destruction ie. trichinosis (STI), giardia (GI) |
| protozoa transmission by | contaminated food/water, vector, sexual contact |
| communicable diseases | spread person-to-person blood, body fluid, droplet, vectors all are infectious but not all infectious disease are communicable |
| chain of infection | pathogen reservoir portal of exit mode of transmission portal of entry host break link of infection |
| reservoir | where pathogen can be found usually human, animals, environment |
| modes of transmission | air, droplet, vector borne, direct contact |
| portals of exit | respiratory tract, blood, placenta, mucosa, GU/GI tract |
| direct contact | physical contact and fluids |
| droplets | large particles within 3 ft |
| airborne | suspended particles, need neg pressure room |
| vector borne | insect, animal, contaminated food/water |
| universal precautions | all blood/body fluids are infectious glove/mask/goggles as appropriate with additional precaution by transmission type |
| portal of entry | where the pathogen can get inside mucus membrane/skin breaks/GI, GU, respiratory tract use barrier protection to prevent entry |
| host susceptibility | factors like age, nutrition, chronic disease, stress, immunosuppression coinfection/superinfections |
| phases of acute infections | exposure, incubation, prodrome, clinical illness, convalescence |
| prodrome | big symptoms |
| incubation | replication in body, but not necessarily symptomatic |
| convalescence | recovery (may not always happen and leads to chronic disease) |
| septicemia | pathogen in bloodstream |
| septic shock | massive vasodilation and poor perfusion, low BP |
| chronic infection | unresolved infection with persistent inflammation |
| meningitis types | bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic |
| influenza (subtypes, transmission, pathophysiology) | type A, B, C (A is most common) droplet/contact targets respiratory epithelium leading to necrosis and inflammation |
| manifestations of influenza | cough, fever, sore throat, body aches, fatigue |
| diagnosis of influenza | History and rapid viral assay |
| treatment of influenza | symptomatic tx, early antivirals (within 2 days) and annual vaccine |
| hepatitis (subtypes, transmission, and pathophysiology) | A/B/C/D/E fecal oral (A/E) and blood/body fluid (B/C/D) hepatocyte necrosis, inflammation, kupffer cell activation |
| kupffer cell activation | macrophages in the liver |
| phases of hepatitis | prodrome, icterus (jaundice), recovery |
| complications of hepatitis | cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, carcinoma (HCC) |
| diagnosis of hepatitis | viral Ab, liver enzymes and bilirubin |
| treatment of hepatitis | symptomatic treatment, antivirals (B/C), vaccine (A/B) |
| tuberculosis (what kinda bacteria, transmission, and pathophysiology) | mycobacterium tuberculosis (acid fast bacillus) airborne granuloma formation (Ghon complex), latency, caseous necrosis |
| ghon complex | granuloma formation in TB |
| primary vs secondary TB | initial infection vs reactivation |
| clinical manifestation of TB | productive cough, hemoptysis, fever, weight loss |
| TB diagnosis | PPD, CXR, sputum culture (AFB), nucleic acid test |
| treatment for TB | DOT therapy, isolation, BCG vaccine ethambutol, pyrazinamide, isoniazid, rifampin |
| UTIs (what pathogen, and pathophysiology) | usually E. coli ascending infection (to kidney) and mucosal irritation |
| risk factors for UTI | female anatomy, catheter, obstruction (urinary stasis) |
| manifestations of UTI | dysuria, urinary frequency/urgency, hematuria, suprapubic pain |
| diagnosis for UTI | U/A and culture |
| treatment for UTI | fluid, antibiotics, hygiene education |
| pyelonephritis (transmission, and pathophysiology)) | e. coli most common (think UTI) bacterial ascent -> renal parenchymal scarring and inflammation scarring can cause permanent renal damage |
| manifesation of pyelonephritis | fever, CVA tenderness, nausea/vomiting, urinary symptoms |
| CVA tenderness | costovertebral tenderness, the V shape where spine and ribs are |
| diagnosis for pyelonephritis | triad (fever, CVA pain, N/V), U/A, culture, imaging as neccessary |
| treatment for pyelonephritis | IV/oral abx, fluid, possible surgery |
| meningitis (pathogen, transmission, and pathophysiology) | bacterial (N. meningitidis), viral, fungal droplet transmission meningeal inflammation -> edema (increased ICP) |
| clinical manifestation of meningitis | headache, photophobia, nuchal rigidity, fever, mental status changes |
| diagnosis for meningitis | kernig/brudzinski sign and nuchal rigidity CSF analysis, culture, blood culture |
| treatment for meningitis | IV abx, corticosteroids, isolation, contact prophylaxis |
| tinea (pathogen and pathophysiology) | fungi surface keratinized tissue invasion |
| types of tinea | pedis (foot) corporis (ringworm, red scaly patches) cruris (genital) unguinium (nail) capitis (head) versicolor (trunk and proximal extremities, discoloration/bleaching of skin) |
| clinical manifestations of tinea | localized itching, erythema, flaking, ring like lesions or scaly lesion |
| tinea corporis | ringworm red itchy scaly patches |
| tinea versicolor | bleaching of skin in the trunk/proximal extremities |
| treatment for tinea | topical/oral antifungal, hygiene education, recurrence prevention |
| diagnosis for tinea | clinical appearance, wood lamp, microscopic exam, culture |
| woods lamp | UV light |
| malaria (pathogen/vector/pathophysiology) | plasmodium spp (protozoa) anopheles mosquito invade RBC -> hemolytic anemia -> inflammation |
| clinical manifestation of malaria | cyclical fever, chills, headache, fatigue, joint pain |
| cyclical fever | pattern of reoccurring fever at specific intervals |
| diagnosis for malaria | travel hx, peripheral smear, CBC, LFTs |
| treatment for malaria | antimalarials (chloroquine/artemisinin combo) preventional methods (ppx) |
Created by:
sleepingbear
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