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Unit 2 Cells A&P
Cells and the Cell Cycle
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell membrane (plasma membrane) | Semi-permeable barrier that controls what enters and leaves the cell |
| Phospholipid bilayer | Double layer of lipids with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails that forms the basic structure of the cell membrane. |
| Selective permeability | Property of membranes that allows some substances to pass while blocking others. |
| Passive transport | Movement of molecules across the membrane without using energy. |
| Diffusion | Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration. |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Facilitated diffusion | Passive transport of molecules using protein channels or carriers. |
| Active transport | Movement of substances against the concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP). |
| Endocytosis | Process by which the cell engulfs material by folding its membrane inward. |
| Exocytosis | Process of vesicles fusing with the membrane to release contents outside the cell. |
| Cytoplasm | Gel like substance inside the cell where organelles are suspended. |
| Nucleus | Control center of the cell that contains genetic material (DNA). |
| Mitochondria | Organelle that produces ATP through cellular respiration. |
| Chloroplast | Organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs. |
| Cell wall | Rigid outer layer in plant cells that provides structure and support. |
| Ribosome | Site of protein synthesis. |
| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | Network for transporting materials; rough ER synthesizes proteins, smooth ER synthesizes lipids. |
| Golgi apparatus | Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport. |
| Vacuole | Storage sac; large central vacuole in plant cells stores water and nutrients. |
| Lysosome | Organelle containing digestive enzymes to break down waste. |
| Cell cycle | Ordered series of events leading to cell growth and division (G₁, S, G₂, M phases). |
| Interphase | Period of cell growth and DNA replication (includes G₁, S, and G₂ phases). |
| Mitosis | Division of the nucleus resulting in two identical daughter cells. |
| Cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm following mitosis. |
| Checkpoint | Control point where stop and go signals regulate the cell cycle. |
| Mutation | A change in DNA sequence that may alter protein function. |
| Oncogene | A mutated gene that can promote uncontrolled cell division. |
| Tumor suppressor gene | Gene that normally inhibits cell division; its loss can lead to cancer. |
| Apoptosis | Programmed cell death to remove damaged cells. |
| Benign tumor | Non-cancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissues. |
| Malignant tumor | Cancerous growth that invades and spreads to other tissues. |
| Metastasis | Spread of cancer cells to distant parts of the body. |
| Carcinogen | Substance that can cause cancer by inducing mutations. |
| Proto oncogene | Normal gene that controls cell division but can mutate into an oncogene. |
| DNA replication | Process of copying DNA before cell division. |
| Mutation hotspot | Region of DNA more prone to mutations. |
| Angiogenesis | Formation of new blood vessels, often supporting tumor growth. |
| cyto/cyte | cell |
| karyo | nucleus |
| plasm/plasm | formed substance |
| phago | to eat |
| osis | process or condition |
| lysis/lyso | to break apart |
| endo | inside |
| exo | outside |
| trans | across |
| peri | around |
| meta | change |
| onco | tumor |
| carcino | cancer |
| gen | to produce or create |
| mut | change |
| chloro | green |
| plast | formed body |
| vacu | empty |
| ase | enzyme |
| some/soma | body |
| mito | thread |
| proto | first |
| angi | vessel |
| genesis | origin, creation |
Created by:
KellyKirvin
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