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A&P2 Lab 1
endocrine system and blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| endocrine gland | releases hormones/ chemical messengers into blood to travel to target cells |
| Anterior Pituitary Gland | Location- in brain Hormones include TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, GH, Prolactin |
| TSH function | Stimulates thyroid to release T3 and T4 |
| FSH function female | Stimulates follicle maturation and estrogen production in ovaries |
| FSH function male | Stimulates sperm production in testes |
| LH function female | induces ovulation and stimulates estrogen/progesterone secretion |
| LH function male | Stimulates testosterone production in testes |
| ACTH function | Stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids |
| GH function | Stimulates growth and protein synthesis of bones and tissues; Hypersecretion in adults causes acromegaly |
| Prolactin (PRL) function | Stimulates milk production in mammary glands |
| Posterior Pituitary Gland | Does NOT make hormones, only STORES hormones made by hypothalamus; Hormones- Oxytocin, ADH |
| Oxytocin function | Stimulates uterine contraction during birth and milk ejection in lactating mothers |
| ADH function | Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb more water, reducing urine output |
| Pineal Gland | Located in brain; Hormone- Melatonin |
| Melatonin function | Regulates day/night cycles |
| Thyroid Gland | Location in neck Hormones: T3, T4, Calcitonin T3 and T4 |
| T3 and T4 function | Increase basal metabolic rate(BMR); Require iodine for production. insufficient amounts=goiter |
| Calcitonin function | regulates calcium; Produced by C-cells |
| Parathyroid Glands | Location- posterior surface of thyroid gland ; Hormone- PTH |
| PTH function | Raises blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts (taking it from bone) or increasing kidney calcium reabsorption; |
| Thymus | Location- posterior to sternum and over heart; Hormone- Thymosins |
| Thymosins function | Promote T-cell maturation and immune response |
| Adrenal Glands | Location~ on top of kidneys; Zones:Medulla – epinephrine & norepinephrine, Cortex: aldosterone, glucocorticoids/cortisol, gonadocorticoids |
| Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, adrenaline function | Increases heart rate, and glucose release from liver |
| Aldosterone function | increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion by kidneys |
| Cortisol/glucocorticoids function | promote fat and protein breakdown by most cells |
| Pancreas | Location- behind stomach; Hormones produced by pancreatic islets(islets of langerhans)- Insulin, Glucagon |
| Insulin function | Lowers blood glucose, key to unlock door to cells; Produced by beta cells. too little of it=diabetes |
| Glucagon function | Raises blood glucose by glycogen breakdown; Produced by alpha cells |
| Ovaries | Controlled by FSH and LH; Hormones- Estrogen, Progesterone |
| Estrogen function | high voice, fat distribution and regulates menstrual cycle |
| Progesterone function | Works with estrogen to egulates menstrual cycle and develop breasts |
| Testes | Controlled by FSH and LH; Hormone- Testosterone |
| Testosterone function | sperm production, facial hair and deep voice |
| Blood | Components- Plasma (55% of blood, >90% water, contains nutrients, wastes, gases, hormones, electrolytes, plasma proteins: Albumin, Fibrinogen, Globulins |
| RBCs | erythrocytes. Function- Carry oxygen via hemoglobin; Shape- biconcave. anucleate (120 day lifespan) Normal range: 4.5–5.5 million/µl |
| WBCs | leukocytes. Normal range- 4,800–10,800/µl; Function- immune defense. has granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils. agranulocytes-lymphocyte and monocyte |
| Neutrophil function | Phagocyte, increase # due to bacterial infection; 3–6 lobed nucleus, pale lilac cytoplasm. most abundant WBC (50-70%) |
| Eosinophil function | increase # due to asthma/worms/ allergies; Bilobed nucleus, red granules |
| Basophil function | Release histamine in inflammation; Bilobed nucleus, deep purple granules |
| Lymphocyte function | 2nd most (25%) increase # due to viral infection; Large blue/pruple nucleus. agranuloctye |
| Monocyte function | Phagocyte, increase # due to chronic infections; Kidney-shaped dark blue nucleus |
| Platelets | Cell fragments from megakaryocytes; Function- blood clotting |
| Blood type A | Antigen; A; Antibody; anti-B |
| Blood type B | Antigen; B; Antibody; anti-A |
| Blood type AB | Antigen; A & B; Antibody; none universal recipient |
| Blood type O | Antigen; none. Antibody; anti-A & anti-B universal donor |
| Antigens | glycoproteins on outer surface of RBCs cell membrane. genetically and blood type determined |
| Antibodies | "security guard" plasma proteins with a Y shape that recognize a foreign antigen |
| Agglutination | clumping of incompatible blood types |
| Rh factor | surface antigen on RBCs that form only after exposure |
| Rh+ | has Rh antigen |
| Rh- | lacks Rh antigen |
| Leukocytosis | increase level of a particular WBC that indicates infection, disease, allergic reaction |
| leukopenia | decrease in wbc# due to chemical exposure |
| leukemia | malignant disorder of lymphoid tissue. uncontrolled increase of abnormal wbc |
| hematocrit | RBC volume. 42% females 47% males |
| what happens to hematocrit when dehydrated and problems with rbc production | hematocrit increases and rbc production decreases. the actual number of red blood cells doesn't change, their proportion in the blood increases because there's less plasma. |
| anemia | decrease # of rbc Can happen from blood loss, decreased RBC production or increased RBC destruction Less oxygen delivery to tissues. |
| albumin plasma protein | osmotic balance |
| Fibrinogen plasma protein | functions in blood clotting. converted to fibrin threads during it |
| Globulins plasma protein | antibodies/ defense |
| Formed elements | make up 45% of blood and are formed in red bone marrow |
| gonads are under control of what 2 anterior pituitary hormones? | FSH,LH |
Created by:
mahak
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