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Cell Membrane
Unit 1 Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the function of the cell membrane? | It provides a protective barrier and regulates what enters and exits the cell. |
| What is another name for the cell membrane? | Plasma membrane. |
| What is the primary structure of the cell membrane? | A phospholipid bilayer. |
| What makes up a phospholipid? | A hydrophilic phosphate head and two hydrophobic lipid tails. |
| What does hydrophilic mean? | Water-loving or attracted to water. |
| What does hydrophobic mean? | Water-fearing or repelled by water. |
| What makes phospholipids amphipathic? | They have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. |
| What is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane? | It contributes to membrane fluidity. |
| What are the two major types of membrane proteins? | Integral proteins and peripheral proteins. |
| What is an integral protein? | A protein embedded in the membrane. |
| What is a peripheral protein? | A protein attached to the surface of the membrane. |
| What is the function of channel proteins? | To allow specific ions or molecules to pass through the membrane. |
| What is a glycoprotein? | A protein with carbohydrate molecules attached. |
| What is the glycocalyx? | A carbohydrate-rich coating on the cell surface involved in recognition and protection. |
| What is a receptor protein? | A protein that binds specific molecules (ligands) and initiates a response. |
| What is a ligand? | A molecule that binds to a receptor and triggers a response. |
| What is selective permeability? | The cell membrane allows only certain substances to pass through. |
| What types of molecules can pass through the lipid bilayer easily? | Small, nonpolar molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide. |
| What types of molecules cannot pass easily through the lipid bilayer? | Large, polar, or charged molecules. |
| What is passive transport? | Movement of substances across the membrane without using energy. |
| What is active transport? | Movement of substances across the membrane using ATP. |
| What is a concentration gradient? | A difference in the concentration of a substance across a space. |
| What is diffusion? | Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration. |
| What is simple diffusion? | Passive transport of small, nonpolar substances across the membrane. |
| What is facilitated diffusion? | Passive transport using a protein channel or carrier. |
| Why does glucose require facilitated diffusion? | Because it is large and polar. |
| What is osmosis? | The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane. |
| What is a hypertonic solution? | A solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell, causing the cell to shrink. |
| What is a hypotonic solution? | A solution with a lower solute concentration than the cell, causing the cell to swell. |
| What is an isotonic solution? | A solution with equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell. |
| What is filtration? | Movement of fluid and solutes due to hydrostatic pressure. |
| Where does filtration occur in the body? | In capillaries and kidneys. |
| What is the sodium-potassium pump? | An active transport protein that moves 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ into the cell using ATP. |
| Why is the sodium-potassium pump important for nerve cells? | It maintains the electrical gradient across the membrane. |
| What is secondary active transport? | Transport powered by the gradient created by active transport. |
| What is a symporter? | A protein that moves two substances in the same direction across the membrane. |
| What is an example of a symporter? | Sodium-glucose symporter. |
| What is an antiporter? | A protein that moves substances in opposite directions. |
| What is an example of an antiporter? | Sodium-hydrogen ion antiporter. |
| What is endocytosis? | The process of taking substances into the cell via vesicles. |
| What is phagocytosis? | "Cell eating"; endocytosis of large particles. |
| What is pinocytosis? | "Cell drinking"; endocytosis of fluid and dissolved substances. |
| What is receptor-mediated endocytosis? | Selective endocytosis using receptors to bring in specific molecules. |
| What is exocytosis? | The process of exporting substances from the cell using vesicles. |
| What is a vesicle? | A small membrane-bound sac used in transport within or out of the cell. |
| What organelles commonly use exocytosis? | Pancreas and endocrine glands for enzyme or hormone secretion. |
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