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Joints
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Joint | Articulation - where a bone meets another bone, cartilage or teeth -determined by joint structure - More mobility=less stability |
| Arthrology | Study of joints |
| Fibrous Joint | - bones are held together by dense regular connective tissue - immobile or slightly mobile - no joint cavity - gomphoses, sutures, syndesmoses |
| Cartilaginous Joint | - bones are joined by cartilage - Lack joint cavity - synchondroses, symphyses |
| Synovial joint | fluid-filled joint cavity that separates the cartilage-covered articulating surfaces of the bones - Diarthroses - Shoulder, elbow, knee |
| Synarthrosis | immobile joint - 2 fibrous, 1 cartilaginous - Gomphoses, Sutures, Synchondroses |
| Amphiarthrosis | slightly mobile joint - 1 fibrous, 1 cartilaginous - Syndesmoses, Symphyses |
| Diarthrosis | Freely mobile joint - All synovial joints - |
| Gomphoses | - fibrous joint - peg in socket - roots of individual teeth - synarthrosis |
| Sutures | - fibrous joints - synarthrosis - permits the skull to grow - fused sutures are synostoses |
| Syndesmoses | - fibrous joint - Amphiarthroses - bones are joined by long strands of dense regular connective tissue - occur between long bones |
| Synchondroses | - cartilaginous joint - bones are joined by hyaline cartilage - Synarthroses |
| Costochondral Joints | Joints between each bony rib and respective costal cartilage. |
| Symphyses | - cartilaginous joint - has a pad of fibrocartilage between bones - shock absorber - amphiarthrosis |
| Spheno-occipital synchondrosis | - between the body of the sphenoid and the basilar part of occipital bone - fuses at age 18-25 |
| Articular capsule | fibrous and synovial membrane |
| Fibrous layer | - dense regular CT - strengthens joint - Attaches to articulating bones |
| Synovial membrane | - secretes lubricating synovial fluid - |
| Articular cartilage | - Hyaline cartilage - covers articular surfaces - reduces friction |
| Joint Cavity | - space between bones - contains synovial fluid |
| Ligaments | connect bone to bone - dense regular tissue - nourishes and absorbs shock |
| Sensory nerves | Detect pain and stretch |
| Blood Vessels | Nourish the joint |
| Bursae | - sac outside most synovial joints where ligaments, muscles, tendons, . joints or bones rub |
| Tendon Sheath | - elongates bursae around tendons - wrist or ankle |
| Fat pads | Packing material - provide protection |
| Uniaxial | Joint moves in one plane or axis |
| Biaxial | - joint moves in two planes or axis |
| Multiaxial | Joint moves in 3 planes or axes |
| Condylar joint | Biaxial - oval, concave surface on its longitudinal axis |
| Saddle joint | Biaxial, - resembles a saddle |
| Plane joint | Uniaxial - side to side |
| Hinge joint | Uniaxial - like a hinge of a door |
| Pivot joint | Uniaxial - one bone rotates on its longitudinal axis |
| Ball and Socket Joints | multiaxial - spherical head into cuplike socket |
| Gliding motions | - surfaces sliding back and forth or side to side - occurs in plane joints - between carpals |
| Angular Motion | Increases or decreases the angle between bones |
| Flexion | - anterior- posterior plane where joint angle is decreased |
| Extension | - movement in anterior-posterior plane where joint angle is increased |
| Hyperextension | Extension beyond normal range of motion |
| Lateral flexion | Body trunk moves laterally in coronal plane |
| Abduction | lateral movement of body part away from the midline |
| Adduction | Medial movement of body part toward midline |
| Circumduction | Proximal end of bone stationary while distal end makes a circular shape. |
| Rotational Motion | A bone turns on its longitudinal axis |
| Lateral rotation | Anterior surface of bone turned laterally |
| Medial rotation | Anterior surface of bone turned medially |
| Pronation | medial rotation of forearm, palm turns inferiorly or posteriorly, |
| Supination | Lateral rotation of forearm, palm turns superiorly or anteriorly |
| Depression | Inferior movement of body part |
| Elevation | superior movement of body part |
| Dorsiflexion | Superior surface of foot moves toward leg |
| Plantar flexion | Foot moves so that toes point inferiorly |
| Inversion | Sole of foot turns medially |
| Eversion | Sole of foot turns laterally |
| Protraction | Anterior movement of body part |
| Retraction | Posterior movement of body part |
| Opposition | Thumb moves toward palmar tips of fingers |
| Reposition | Thumb moves back to anatomical position |
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