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Axial Skeleton
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Axial skeleton | skull, vertebral |
| Skull | composed of cranial and facial bones |
| Cranial Bones | 8 bones that surround and enclose the brain - unpaired: ethmoid, frontal, occipital, sphenoid - Paired: parietal and temporal |
| Facial bones | 14 bones that form the face and have no brain contact - unpaired: vomer aand mandible - Paired: maxillae, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, palatine ,inferior nasal conchae |
| Coronal Suture | suture between frontal and parietal bones Crown(cuts anterior and posterior) |
| Sagittal suture | separates left and right skull - vertical suture |
| Parietal foramina | holes in parietal bones - conduct tiny emissary veins from the veins of the brain to the scalp |
| Lambdoid suture | Junction between occipital and parietal bones |
| Hard Pallete | maxilla, palatine bone |
| Sphenoid bone | greater wing |
| Foraman | hole |
| Fossae | divot, depression in a bone |
| foramen lacerum | |
| Jugular | |
| Occipital bone | sits on Atlas |
| Squamous | Junction between temporal and parietal bones |
| Sutural Bones | Size, location, number may very - sutures disappear in adults as bones fuse |
| Calvaria | skullcap, roof of cranium - made of parietal bones and parts of frontal and occipital bones |
| Base of cranium | floor -made of ethmoid, sphenoid, |
| Anterior Cranial fossa | frontal lobe sits |
| Nasal complex | composed of bones and cartilages forming nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses |
| Superior border | cribriform plate of ethmoid, parts of frontal and spheniod |
| Inferior border | maxillae and palatine |
| Lateral walls | ethmoid, maxillae, inferior nasal conchae, palatine bones, lacrimal bone |
| Orbital Complex | Bony cavities in the skull |
| Roof of the orbit | frontal bone, lesser wing of sphenoid bone |
| Floor | mainly the maxilla bone |
| Medial wall | maxilla, lacrimal, and ethmoid bone |
| Lateral wall | zygomatic, greater wing of sphenoid, frontal bones |
| Posterior wall | Sphenoid bone |
| Auditory Ossicles | smallest bone in the body (Malleus, Incus, Stapes |
| Hyoid Bone | Floating bone, up high on the neck - midline body with greater and lesser cornu (hornlike process) - attachment to muscles |
| Sex differences in skull | (Sexual dimorphism) Female: delicate and small Male: larger, sturdier, bulkier because of T |
| Female: | thin, sharp supraorbital margin superciliary arch note prominent - pointy chin |
| Male | |
| Fontanelles | Soft spots - Mastoid, Sphenoid, Posterior, Anterior(biggest) |
| Sphenoid | |
| Posterior | |
| Anterior | |
| Mastoid | |
| Aging of the skull | |
| Frontal bone | Forms superior and anterior parts of skull, part of anterior cranial fossa and orbit. - forehead Passageway: Supraorbital foramen |
| Frontal Crest | Attachment site for meninges to help stabilize brain within skull |
| Frontal sinuses | Lighten bone, moisten inhaled air, give resonance to voise |
| Orbital part | forms roof of orbit |
| Squamous part | Attachment of scalp muscles |
| Supraorbital margin | forms protective superior border of orbit |
| Parietal bones | Each form most of lateral and superior walls of skull Passageway:(Parietal foramina) |
| Inferior and superior temporal lines | Attachment site for temporalis muscle |
| Parietal eminence | Forms rounded prominence on each side of skull |
| Temporal bones | Inferolateral wall of the skull, forms middle cranial fossa, petrous, squamous, tympanic Passageways: Cartoid canal, external/internal acoustic meatus, Mastoid foramen, stylomastoid foramen, jugular foramen |
| Mandibular fossa | Articulates with the mandible |
| Mastoid air cells | Lighten mastoid process |
| Mastoid Process | Attachment site of some neck muscles to extend or rotate head |
| Petrous part | Protects sensory structures in inner ear |
| Styloid part | Attachment site for hyoid bone ligaments and muscles |
| Squamous part | Attachment site of some jaw muscles |
| Zygomatic process | Articulates with zygomatic bone to form zygomatic arch |
| Occipital bone | Forms posteroinferior part of skull, including most of the posterior cranial fossa, base of skull - Passageways: Foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal, Jugular foramen (temporal bone) |
| External occipital crest | Attachment site for ligaments |
| External occipital protuberance | Attachment of muscles that move head - bump on the back of the head |
| Inferior and superior nuchal lines | Attachment of neck ligaments and muscles |
| Occipital condyles | Articulate with first cervical vertebra (atlas) |
| Sphenoid bone | Forms part of base of skull, posterior part of eye orbit, part of anterior and middle cranial fossae - passageways: Foramen lacerum, foramen ovale, foramen rotundum, optic canal, superior orbital fissure |
| Body | Houses sphenoidal sinuses |
| Sella turcica | Houses pituitary gland |
| Optic canals | House optic nerves |
| Medial and lateral pterygoid plates | Attachment site for two muscles of mastication(chewing muscles) |
| Lesser wing | form part of middle cranial fossa and orbit |
| Greater wings | form part of middle cranial fossa and orbit |
| Sphenoidal sinuses | moisten inhaled air and give resonance to voice |
| Ethmoid bone | Forms part of anterior cranial fossa, nasal septum, roof and lateral walls of nasal cavity, medial wall of eye orbit - passageway: Cribriform foramen |
| Crista galli | Attachment site for cranial dural septa to help stabalize brain within skull |
| Ethmoid labyrinths | Contains the ethmoidal sinuses and nasal conchae |
| Ethmoidal sinuses | Lighten bone, moisten inhaled air, give resonance to voice |
| Nasal Conchae | superior and middle, increase airflow turbulence in nasal cavity so air can be adequately moistened and cleaned by nasal mucosa |
| Orbital plate | Forms part of medial wall of orbit |
| Perpendicular plate | Forms superior part of nasal septum |
| Cranial Fossae | Anterior, Middle, Posterior |
| Zygomatic Bones | Each forms the cheek and lateral part of the orbit (Frontal, Maxillary, temporal, lacrimal processes) |
| Frontal Process | Articulates with frontal bone - forms part of lateral aspect and orbit |
| Maxillary process | Articulates with maxilla |
| Temporal Process | Articulates with temporal bone to form zygomatic arch |
| Lacrimal Bone | Each forms part of the medial wall of the orbit. (Lacrimal Groove) |
| Lacrimal Groove | Contains nasolacrimal duct |
| Nasal Bone | Each forms the anterosuperior bridge of the nose |
| Vomer | Forms inferior and posterior parts of the nasal septum (Ala, Vertical Plate) |
| Ala | Articulates with the sphenoid bone (wing) |
| Vertical Plate | Articulates with perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone |
| Inferior nasal Conchae | Curved bones that project from lateral walls of nasal cavity - increase airflow turbulence in nasal cavity. |
| Palatine bones | - greater and lesser palatine foramina - Froms posterior part of hard palate; forms small part of nasal cavity and orbit wall - Horizontal , perpendicular plates |
| Horizontal Plate | Forms posterior part of palate |
| Perpendicular Plate | Forms part of nasal cavity and orbit |
| Maxillae | - incisive foramen, infraorbital foramen - forms anterior portion of face, upper jaw, and parts of the hard palate, orbit, and nasal cavity. - Alveolar process, Frontal process, Infraorbital margin, Maxillary sinus, Palatine process, zygomatic process |
| Alveolar Process | Houses the teeth |
| Infraorbital Margin | Forms inferolateral border of orbit |
| Palatine process | Forms most of bony palate |
| Mandible | - Mandibular foramen, mental foramen - forms the lower jaw - Alevolar process, Coronoid Process, head of mandible, Mental protuberance, mylohyoid line |
| Coronoid process | Attachment of rmporalis muscle |
| Head of mandible | Articulates with temporal bone |
| Mental Protuberance | Forms the chin |
| Mylohyoid line | Attachment site for mylohyoid line |
| Orbits | Eye sockets - formed by multiple skull bones - Includes superior and inferior orbital fissures |
| Superciliary arch | Brow ridge |
| Nasal Bones | Bridge of nose |
| Maxillae (2) | Form the upper jaw and lateral sides of nasal cavity - floor of each orbit - Contains infraorbital foramen |
| Infraorbital foramen (2) | Conducts blood vessels and nerves to the face |
| Man | Lower jaw |
| Mental protuberance | Chin |
| Anterior nasal spine | Thin ridge of bone that divides nasal cavity into left and right |
| Inferior Nasal Conchae | two scroll-shaped bones on the inside of the nasal cavity |
| Pterion | H shaped set of sutures combining the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones. |
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