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AP Euro Unit 1 vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Bubonic Plauge/Black death (1346) | an infection spread to humans by infected fleas. this disease caused the deadliest pandemic in recorded history |
| Little Ice Age (1300-1850) | wide-spread cooling that started during the 14th century Medieval period. This impacts the growing seasons during the time period which leads to famine and malnutrition |
| patriachal | a system of society or government controlled by men |
| nobility | a privileged class of people often receiving hereditary titles. Also, called the Aristocracy |
| papacy | the office or authority of the Pope |
| open Field system | basic system of agricultural cultivation that contained private and communal land holdings and utilized crop rotation |
| serf | an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on a lord's estate |
| feudalism (Feudal System) | the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands for the Crown in exchange for military service. Peasants/serfs were obliged to live on the land and give the King and Lord homage |
| alchemny | Medieval science based on the supposed transformation of matter, mainly the focus of trying to convert base metals into gold |
| Astrology | The study of the movements and relative positions of the plants, sun, moon, and stars |
| medici family | Italian family of the Republic of Florence who wielded great power due to their involvement in politics, trade, and banking |
| Cosimo de medici | Powerful banker and politician of Florence. Established the Medici family as effective rulers. Was known for being a patron of the arts |
| Sforza Family | powerful family in control of Milan during the Renaissance |
| petrarch | Founder of Renaissance Humanism, emphasizing the study of Classical authors from antiquity |
| Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola | Author of the oration on the Dignity of man, a book that emphasized Renaissance Humanism by focusing on humans as unique creatures with great dignity |
| Leonardo Brumi | Italian humanist and first modern historian. Earliest person to write using the three-period view of history |
| Baldassare Castiglione | Italian diplomat and author of the Book of the Courtier, a book dealing with the etiquette and morality of nobles in the royal court |
| Donatello | Italian sculptor known for his bronze and wooden works. Famous work includes the bronze statue of David |
| Leonardo da Vinci | Italian artist, engineer, scientist, humanist, etc. Widely thought to epitomize Renaissance humanism. Famous works include the Mona Lisa, the Vitruvian Man, and the Last Supper |
| Michelangelo | Italian sculptor, painter and architect. famous works include the statue of David, the Pieta, and the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel |
| Rapheal | Italian painter and architect. Worked heavily in the Vatican. Famous works include The School of Athens, various portraits, and many rooms in the Vatican |
| Niccolo Machiavelli | Florentine diplomat, author, and philosopher. Known for writing The Prince, which laid the groundwork for rulers to maintain or expand their position and power. |
| King Feridnand and Queen Isabella of Spain | The King and Queen united the two regions of Aragon and Castile to form Spain and Help transform it into a major European power |
| Erasmus | Scholar of the Northern Renaissance. Known for writing In Praise of Folly, satirical attacl on all aspects of human life including the corruption |
| Thomas More | English scholar and Lord Chancellor to King Henry VIII. Known for writing Utopia, book describing how things should be in a state with a common culture and ideal world |
| King Henry VII (7th) | Founder of the Tudor dynasty in England and establish the Court of the Star Chamber to help enforce the laws |
| King Henry VIII (8th) | King of England known for his sic marriages and creation of the Anglican Church (Church of England), breaking away from the Catholic Church. Established the Act of Supremacy |
| Queen Elizabeth I (1st) | Daughter of Henry VIII, ruled over the Golden Age of England. Defeated the Spanish Armada, fostered the arts, and was the last Tudor ruler |
| Jan Van Eyck | Flemish oil painter of the Northern Renaissance. Famous works include Arnolfini Portrait and Portrait of man (self portrait?) |
| Peter Bruegel the Elder | Dutch painter of the Northern Renaissance. Known for his landscapes and peasant scenes. Famous works include The Tower of Babel and Hunters in the Snow |
| Italian Renaissance (14th - 17th century) | A period in Italian history covering the 15th and 16th centuries. The period is known for the initial development of the broader Renaissance culture that spread across Western Europe and marked the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity |
| Peace of Lodi (1454) | Established a 40 year period of peace between the 5 city states of Italy and helped hold off the threat of the Ottoman Turks in the area |
| Reconquista (1492) | Series of campaigns by the Christian areas of Spain to recapture territory fro the Muslims, who occupied portions of the Iberian peninsula |
| Spanish Inquisition (1478 -1834) | The Inquistition served to consolidate power in the newly unified Spanish kingdom under the Catholic faith. Brutal tactics were used to force conversation of members of other faiths in the territory |
| Northern Renaissance (15th - 16th century) | The expansion of Renaissance ideas into northern Europe (German, French, English, Dutch, and Polish areas). Had a different artistic focus then its Italian counterpart and laid the foundation for the Protest and Reformation |
| Printing press (1439) | Allowed for the mass production of books and pamphlets, expanding access to written works and helped spread new ideas and knowledge . Johannes Gutenberg is known for building the first printing press in Europe. |
| Peace of Augsburg (1555) | Established religious toleration in the Holy roman Empire between the Catholics and Lutherans. Signed by Charles V. Excluded Calvinism in the territory |
| oligarchy | A small group of people having control of a country, government, or institution. |
| Humanism | An outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Humanist beliefs stress the potential value and goodness of human beings, emphasize common human needs and seek rational ways of solving human |
| Individualism | A social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control |
| Secularism | The principle of separation of the state government from religious insitutions |
| Civic Humanism | Uses the concepts of Humanism and applies them to the involvement of citizens in the government united by a concern for the common good |
| Patrons | A person who gives financial or other support ot a person, organization, cause, or activity. Usually provides funding for works of art |
| Vernacular Literature | Literature written in the language of the common people in the area |
| The Star Chamber | Established a judicial body to put noblemen on trial and help suppress anti-monarchical sentiments |
| Act of Supremacy | Defined the right of King Henry VIII to be the supreme head on earth of the Church of England, serving the country's connection to the Catholic Church and the Pope |
| Antiquity | The ancient past, especially the period before the Middle Ages. Usually refers to the time of the Greeks and Romans |
| Book of Common prayer | The name given to the prayer books of the Anglican faith (Church of England) |
| Nobles of the Robe | High class of hereditary nobles who acquired their rank through holding a high state office. Held greater political and economic power in France. |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian explorer who completed four Spanish sponsored voyages across the Atlantic. Credited with discovering Hispaniola, present day Hatit and Dominican Republic |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | Responsible for the early development of the Portuguese exploration and maritime trade with other continents through exploration of Western Africa, the islands of the Atlantic Ocean, and the search for new trade routes |
| Batolomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who became the first European to navigate around the southern tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope |
| Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer who was the first to reach India by rounding the southern tip of Africa |
| Hernan Cortes | Spanish conquistador who led an expedition to modern day Mexico and conquered the Aztec Empire |
| Francisco Pizarro | Spanish conquistador who led an expedition to modern day Peru and conquered the Inca Empire |
| Bartolome de Las Casas | Spanish missionary who was the first to expose the oppression of indigenous peoples and called for an end to the slavery of natives in Americas |
| Sir Francis Drake | English explorer and privateer known for being the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world and fight the Spanish Armada for Queen Elizabeth I |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese explorer known for leading the Spanish expedition to the East Indies, which achieved the first circumnavigation of the Earth in History |
| Phillip II | King of Spain from 1556-1598. married to Queen Mary 1 of England, ruled over the Golden Age as well as the Price Revolution during his reign |
| Francis Xavier | Catholic missionary who co-founded the Society of Jesus and led the first Christian mission to Japan as a representative of the Portuguese Empire |
| Charles V | King of Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands and the overseas colonies of Spain from 1519-1556. Passed the Peace of Augsburg in the HRE |
| Jean Baptist Colbert | French Controller-General of Finance that developed the cosmetic mercantilist economy in France |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | Established the demarcation line between the countries of Spain and Portugal dividing the newly discovered lands outside of Europe. Spain gained control of land west of the line and Portugal gained land east of the line |
| Columbian Exchange | The transfer of plants, animals, diseases and other items between the Old World and the New World |
| Triangle Trade | Economic model and trade routes that involved travel between Europe, Africa and the Americas from the early 16th century to the mid-19 centrury |
| Middle passage | The forced voyage of enslaved Africans to the Americas from around 1518 to the mid 19th centrury |
| Price revolution | A series of economic events that occurred in Spain caused by the influx of gold bullion and precious metals from America. This caused significant inflation by the 16th century |
| Encomienda system | A system of forced labor imposed on the indigenous workers by the Spanish colonists. Gave settles the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills |
| Mercantilism | system of political economy that sought to enrich the country by restraining imports and encouraging exports |
| Spanish Inquisistin | the judicial institution established to combat heresy in Spain, often forcibly concertina Muslim and Jewish populations to Catholicism to unite the Spanish Empire |
| Reconquista | The reconquering of Spain from the Muslims in 1492 by Ferdinand and Isabella. This unified Spain into a powerful nation-state |
| Smallpox | Contagious disease that helped the Europeans to systematically weaken and kill the indigenous populations during exploration |
| Indigenous Civilizations | Culturally distinct societies an communities that have a strong connection to the lands and natural resources where they live and share ancestral ties to the region before colonization |
| Planter Society | plantation system created a society sharply divided along class lines. In the colonies, a few wealthy, while landowners owned the build of the land, while the majority of the population was made up of poor farmers, indentured servants, and the enslaved |
| Dutch East India Company | The largest and most impressive of the early modern European trading companies operating in Asia. Founded by the Dutch Republic (present-day Netherlands) |
| British East India Company | English company formed for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia and India from the 17th century to the 19th century |
| Bank of Amsterdam | Dutch bank established In the 17th century known to be the first modern central bank, It set the model for the either central banks that were created centuries after ies creation |
| Asiento | An agreement between thee Spanish crown and a private individual or other sovereign power that allowed the latter to supply African slaves to the Spanish colonies in the Americas |
| Astrolabe | An astronomical instrument that twas used in the Middle Ages and during the Age of Discovery for a variety of purposes, including navigation, astronomy, and timekeeping |
| Caravel | A small, fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship of the 15th-17th century |
| Viceroys | The main governors of the Spanish American colonies. They were given control of large areas and had almost unlimited power in the colonies |
| Conquistadors | Spanish soldiers and explores who led military expeditions in the Americas and captured land for Spain |
| Joint Stock Company | A large business owned by multiple investors, or shareholders, who receive a share of the company's profits in proportion to their investment |
Created by:
Sara Hill
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