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Module 1
Learning Objectives
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the subdivisions of anatomy? | Gross anatomy and Microscopic anatomy |
| What is Gross Anatomy? | Anatomy visible to the naked eye. Includes: embryology, systemic anatomy, radiographic anatomy, pathologic anatomy |
| What is Microscopic Anatomy? | Structures that are unable to be seen with the naked eye. Includes: Histology |
| What are the levels of organization? | Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organism |
| What are the body systems? | Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive |
| What are the major structure and functions of the Integumentary system? | Skin, Nails, and Hair Used to protect against the outside environment and maintains the internal water balance |
| What are the major structure and functions of the Skeletal system? | Bones and Cartilage Supports the body and stores minerals |
| What are the major structure and functions of the Muscular system? | Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac Muscles Facilitates movement, pumps blood, moves minerals through digestive tract, controls entrances and exits, generates heat |
| What are the major structure and functions of the Nervous system? | Brain, Spinal cord, Nerves Transmits signals |
| What are the major structure and functions of the Endocrine system? | Glands Produce hormones (to regulate metabolism, growth, reproduction and more) |
| What are the major structure and functions of the Cardiovascular system? | Heart and Blood Vessels Carries nutrients and oxygen, removes waste |
| What are the major structure and functions of the Lymphatic system? | Lymph vessels and glands, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, cells Guards against infection (immune response) |
| What are the major structure and functions of the Respiratory system? | Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, lungs Brings in oxygen, eliminates carbon dioxide |
| What are the major structure and functions of the Digestive system? | Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum liver, gallbladder, pancreas Food intake, water and nutrient absorption, elimination of waste |
| What are the major structure and functions of the Urinary system? | Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra Filters blood, removes waste |
| What are the major structure and functions of the Reproductive system? | Female: mammary glands, ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina Male: testes, penis, glands, vas deferens Used for reproduction |
| What is the standard anatomical position? | Standing upright, head facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forwards with thumbs pointed outward, feet flat with toes pointed forward |
| What are the major directional terms? | Anterior and Posterior Superior and Inferior Medial and Lateral Proximal and Distal Superficial and Deep |
| What does Anterior mean? | Towards the frontside |
| What does Posterior mean? | Towards the backside |
| What does Superior mean? | Towards the head |
| What does Inferior mean? | Towards the feet |
| What does Medial mean? | Towards the midline of the body |
| What does Lateral mean? | Away from the midline of the body |
| What does Proximal mean? | Closer to the point of origin |
| What does distal mean? | Further from the point of origin |
| What does Superfical mean? | More external |
| What does Deep mean? | More internal |
| What are the anatomical planes? | Coronal (frontal), Transverse, Sagittal |
| What are the types of Sagittal planes? | Midsagittal - divides into left and right on the midline Parasagittal - divides into left and right but not on the midline |
| What is the Coronal plane? | Divides the body into anterior and posterior, also called the frontal plane |
| What is the Transverse plane? | Divides the body into superior and inferior. Also called the axial plane, horizontal plane, or the cross section. |
| What are the two main anatomic regions? | Axial and appendicular |
| What body parts make up the axial region? | Head - cephalic Neck - cervical Trunk - thorax, abdomen, pelvis |
| What main body parts make up the appendicular region? | Upper limbs - Axilla, arm (brachium), cubital fossa, forearm (antebrachium), carpal, manus Lower limbs - Femoral region, popliteal fossa, sural region (calf), crural region (leg), pes |
| What are the types of medical imaging? | Radiographs, Ultrasounds, Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), |
| When should you use Radiographs and what are some key notes about them? | Identifying fractures, mammograms, chest examinations Quick and inexpensive, air is black and bone is white, flattens 3D bone into 2D |
| When should you use ultrasounds and what are some key notes about them? | Point of care (bedside) imaging - Allows you to visualize developing embryos and fetuses, organs, and soft tissue Inexpensive, portable, bone is white |
| When should you use Computed Tomographys and what are some key notes about them? | Hard AND soft tissue, bony defects, tumors, aneurysms, cerebral hemorrhages Good resolution, high radiation, bone is white, tissue is grey, air is black, patients left is on the right of the image |
| When should you use Magnetic Resonance Imaging and what are some key notes about them? | Soft tissues including the brain (white and grey matter) and tumors Expensive, no radiation, high resolution. Soft tissue grey or white, bone is black |
| What are the 4 types of tissues? | Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous |
| What are the general features and functions of epithelial tissue? | Protection, Secretion, Sensation, Regulating what goes in and out. |
| How is epithelial tissue labeled? | First word - number of layers Second word - shape of cells |
| What are the types of epithelia? | Simple squamous, Simple cuboidal, Simple columnar Stratified squamous, Stratified cuboidal, Stratified columnar Pseudostratified columnar |
| Describe Simple Squamous Epithelium | Single thin and flat layer of cells which is good for gas exchange. Located in alveoli, capillary beds, lining of heart and blood vessels |
| Describe Simple Cuboidal Epithelium | Single layer of cube shaped cells Secretion and absorption Located in kidney tubules, surface of ovaries, and in glands |
| Describe Simple Columnar Epithelium | Single layer of tall cells - may have cilia Absorption and secretion Unciliated - stomach, small and large intestine Ciliated - uterine tubes |
| Describe Stratified Squamous Epithelium | Layers of thin cells Protects against abrasion Keratinized - surface of the skin Unkeratinized - mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus |
| Describe Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium | Layers of cube shaped cells Protection and secretion Located in ducts of sweat glands and other exocrine glands |
| Describe Stratified Columnar Epithelium | Layers of tall column-like cells Protection and excretion Located in portions of the male urethra |
| Describe Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium | Secretion and propulsion of mucus using cilia Looks stratified but isn’t, cells are different heights Located in respiratory tract in places like the nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi |
| What are the general functions of connective tissue? | Holds together tissues and organs Carries nutrients Supports blood vessels, nerves, and other structures Immune system |
| What is connective tissue composed of? | Cells - adipocytes, white blood cells, mast cells Protein fibers - collagen, elastic, reticular Ground substance - protein and carbohydrate molecules |
| What are the two subclasses of connective tissue? | Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue |
| What are the types of loose connective tissue? | Areolar, adipose, reticular |
| Describe Areolar tissue | Contains all 3 types of fibers (collagen, elastic, and reticular) The most widespread Found in the dermis and around organs and blood vessels |
| Describe Adipose tissue | Mostly adipocytes (fat cells) Found subconsciously (deep to the skin) Around some organs Bonus: it’s why you can move your skin around your muscles |
| Describe Reticular tissue | Mostly Reticular fibers and cells (ex. lymphocytes) Located in the stroma of the spleen, the lymph nodes, and bone marrow |
| What are the types of dense connective tissue? | Regular, irregular, and elastic |
| Describe Dense Regular Tissue | Fibers aligned Located in tendons and ligaments |
| Describe Dense Irregular Tissue | Fibers all willy nilly (fibers running in different planes) Very durable Found in the dermis, periosteum, and perichondrium |
| Describe Dense Elastic Tissue | More elastic fibers than collagen fibers Located in elastic arteries, trachea, and vocal cords |
| What are the layers of the skin? | Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis |
| What are the functions of the integumentary system? | Protection against mechanical damage Prevent water loss Vitamin D production Sensory reception Temperature regulation (sweating) Excretion of salt/wastes |
| Describe the Epidermis | Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium 4 cell types Avascular Regenerates every 35-45 days 4-5 cell layers (thin vs thick) |
| What are the cell types in the epidermis? | Keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, dendritic cells |
| What are Keratinocytes? | Produce keratin Most abundant in epidermis |
| What are Melanocytes? | Produce melanin (helps shield nuclei of keratinocytes from UV radiation) |
| What are Merkel cells? | Sensation Also known as tactile cells Scattered throughout the rest of the cells |
| What are Dendritic cells? | Immune response |
| Describe the Dermis | Underlies the epidermis Strong and flexible connective tissue Highly vascularized Innervated (sensation) 2 cell layers - papillary (20%) & reticular (80%) |
| Describe the papillary layer of the dermis | Superficial 20% Areolar Provides nutrients |
| What are dermal papillae? | Ridges that increase surface area to help transport materials from the dermis to the epidermis |
| Describe the reticular layer of the dermis | Lower 80% of the dermis Mostly dense irregular Network of collagen and elastic fibers Provides stretch and strength |
| Describe the Hypodermis | Supports skin Areolar and adipose (mostly adipose) Stores fat, provides insulation, anchors skin to muscle Allows movement of skin over muscle and bone |
| What are the epidermal derivatives of the integument? | Fingerprints, Hair, Nails, Skin color |
| What are the two types of sweat glands? | Eccrine (merocrine) and apocrine |
| Describe Eccrine glands | Secreted onto skin surface Allows evaporative cooling Developed from inside the skin's surface 99% water 1% salt/waste Acidic, antibacterial products |
| Describe Apocrine glands | Discharge into hair follicles, not the body's surface Grows from hair follicles Produces complex molecules that are odorous Found in armpits and genitals Don't start producing sweat until puberty |
| What are some modified sweat glands? | Ceruminous and Mammary |
| What are Ceruminous glands? | Line internal ear canal and produce earwax |
| What are Mammary glands? | Milkers |
| Describe Sebaceous glands | Multicellular exocrine glands Open into hair follicles - Blocked follicle = acne Secrete sebum (oil) - accumulate sebum and burst to release product Moisturized hair and skin |
| What is the role of skin pigmentation in skin cancer, vitamin D synthesis and the destruction of folate? | UV rays help the epidermis produce Vitamin D - needed for absorbing calcium. Low pigment adequate for less sunlight. Too much sun exposure = bad because it breaks down folate and can cause skin cancer More melanin = more UV can be absorbed |
Created by:
Chloesims77
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