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A&P I_Lecture Exam 1
Bio 168 Ch 1-4: Anatomical terms, planes, directions, cell, osmosis, diffusion
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | Describes the structures of the body |
| Physiology | Study of function |
| Gross (macroscopic) anatomy Types | Surface anatomy Regional anatomy Sectional anatomy Systemic anatomy Clinical anatomy Developmental anatomy |
| Regional anatomy | body areas |
| Systemic anatomy | organ systems |
| Clinical anatomy | medical specialities |
| Microscopic anatomy + 2 Types | study of structures we cannot see without magnification - Cytology - Histology |
| Cytology | study of a cell |
| Histology | study of tissue |
| Symptoms | subjective, reported by patient tired, headache, cough |
| Signs | objective, measured, observed, reported by clinician SOB, edema, hypertension |
| Scientific Method | Diagnosis by evaluating observations - Observation - Hypothesis (educated guess) - Experiment, collect qualitative and quantitative data - Analysis of data - Conclusion about hypothesis - Reproduce the experiment |
| 6 Levels of Body Organization | Chemical - atoms Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organism |
| Eponym | Person's name, not medical term "Fallopian Tube" |
| Teminologia Anatomica | medical term |
| Surface anatomy | Locating structures on or near the body surface that can be seen and used as reference points Anatomical position |
| Anatomical landmarks | Structures that can be felt (palpated) |
| Anatomical regions | Specific areas used for reference purposes |
| Anatomical directions | Closer or further away from a structure or plane |
| Anatomical positions: | anatomical (anterior/posterior, palms forward) Supine (face up) Prone (face down) Lateral Recumbent (lying on side) |
| Acromial | shoulder |
| Antecubital | inside (anterior) elbow |
| Crural | leg |
| Inguinal | thigh |
| Calcaneal | heel |
| Olecranal | backside (posterior) elbow |
| Sural | back (posterior) of lower leg |
| Abdominopelvic Quadrants | RUQ, LUQ RLQ, LLQ |
| Abdominopelvic Regions | Right Hyopchondriac, Epigastric, Left Hypochondriac Right Lumbar, Umbilical , Left Lumbar Right Inguinal, Hypgastric, Left Inguinal |
| Superior | above |
| Inferior | below |
| Anterior | Front |
| Posterior | Back |
| Medial | Middle |
| Lateral | side/away from middle |
| Intermediate | between medial and lateral |
| Proximal | close to reference |
| Distal | far from reference |
| Superficial | external at surface |
| Deep | internal away from surface |
| Dorsal | back |
| Ventral | front |
| Caudal | tail/coccyx bone |
| 3 scans for Sectional Anatomy | MRI PET CT |
| Frontal/Coronal Plane | front/back or anterior/posterior |
| Sagittal (2) | Sagittal = divides right and left Midsagittal = divides EQUALLY right and left Parasagittal = divides UNEVENLY right and left |
| Transverse | up/down or superior/inferior |
| Oblique | diagonal |
| Longitudinal | longways |
| Cross-section | chop off one end |
| 3 MAJOR cavity regions | Thoracic Abdominal Pelvic |
| Abdominopelvic cavity | Peritoneum Pelvic |
| Serosa | serous membrane inside organ cavities and covering organs |
| Dorsal Cavity | Cranial cavity + Spinal/Vertebral canal |
| Ventral Cavity | Thoracic, Abdominopelvic cavity |
| Heart Cavity | Pericardial |
| Lung Cavity | Pleural |
| Behind Sternum | Mediastinum great vessels, heart, esophagus, trachea, nerves, thymus, lymph nodes |
| Diaphragm | forms floor divides thoracic and abdominal cavities |
| Retroperitoneal Cavity | behind peritoneal cavity Kidneys, Ureters, Pancreas, Duodenum |
| Pelvic Cavity | pelvic brim to pelvic floor repro organs, bladder, rectum |
| Peritoneal Cavity | ventral body cavity stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder |
| Serosa membrane touching organ | Visceral |
| Serosa membrane lining cavity | Parietal |
| Serosa membrane around heart | Pericardium |
| Serosa membrane around lungs | Pleura |
| Serosa membrane around abdomen | Peritoneum |
| False Pelvis | aka Greater pelvis on top |
| True pelvis | middle of pelvis/hips |
| Lesser Pelvis | pelvic floor |
| Homeostasis | The existence of a stable internal environment despite unpredictable surroundings |
| 2 types of Homeostatic regulation | - Autoregulation at cell and tissue level (fix the house) - Extrinsic regulation by nervous and endocrine systems (fix the city) |
| 3 Homeostatic Mechanisms | Receptor Control Center Effector |
| Receptor | Receives stimulus or detects change in the environment - Thermometer |
| Control Center | Processes the receptor’s information, then decides based on your preferred set point - thermostat turns max heat to 70 degrees |
| Effector | Carries out instructions from CC to restore homeostasis HVAC turns on heat until reaching set point |
| 2 Types of Homeostasis Loops | Negative Feedback Response reverses (does the opposite) the original stimulus Ex. Thermoregulation Positive Feedback Initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies the original change in conditions Ex. Labor, childbirth, blood clotting |
| Dynamic Equilibrium | Continual adaptation to changing conditions Failure to maintain balance = disease |
Created by:
amelianura
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