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Health Science 3 U1
Body structure and function
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Basic Structures of human body | Compared to an organized machine. (The machine mal-functions, disease occurs). |
| Anatomy | Study of form and structure of human body. |
| Physiology | Study of the process. (how the human body works) . |
| Pathophyiology | How disease occurs and body's response. |
| Atoms | Smallest part, but still retains its properties. |
| Molecules | An electronically neutral collection of atoms that are held together and form a unique substance. |
| Elements | Substance that caannot be further divided without losing its unique property. |
| Nucleic Acids | RNA and DNA; control activity of the cell; and they also contain genetic codes for reproduction. |
| Carbohydrate | Sugars; energy source to produce structure. |
| Protein | most versatile(多用途）；structure, communication, buildig blocks, energy. |
| Lipid | fat; best energy store, protection and communication. |
| Metabolism | Process of using O2 and glucose to produce energy for cells. (Breakdown food quickly, energy go quickly,; when you get old, it slows down). It is a combination of catabolism and anabolism. |
| Catabolism | Breakdown of molecules in the body. |
| Anabolism | Assembly of new molecules in the body. |
| Cells | They are mode of protoplasm. Microscopic organisms. Carry on all functions of life. Body contains trillions of cells. Perform different function. Vary in shape and size. |
| Cell membrane | Semi-permeable barrier that surrounds a cell and holds in the cytoplasm. |
| Cytoplasm | The place of most chemical reactions occur in cell. |
| Nucleus | Center of the cell; "control center". |
| Nucleolus | Inside nucleus; make ribosomes, AKA proteins; inside RNA and DNA and chromatin (also called thee genetic material). |
| Gene | contain all the DNA and informations needed to produce 1 type of protein molecule; to recreate new parts. |
| Lysosomes | Cleans and disinfect; kills things that are not supposed to be there; filled with digestive enzymes to destroy pathogens. |
| Centrosome | Looks like spaghetti ; organelles that help with mitosis; only 1 job; only use for short timee in cell. |
| Mitochondria | "Power house" of the cell; all energy produce here. |
| Golgi apparatus/body | Packages cellular material for transport; gold, brown color; looks like pancake; take out stuff they're creating to package it and send it off. (Think of UPS) |
| Endoplasmic reticulum / ER | Smooth ER and rough ER. Rough ER have ribosomes on them; smooth ER don't have it; network of channels, transport material in cell. |
| Vacuole | Pouch-like structure that store food. |
| Ribosomes | Contain RNA and proteins; where protein synthesis mostly occur. |
| DNA and RNA | DNA is a segment mode upon the gene; RNA makes protein. |
| Mitosis | Asexual reproduction process used by most cells. Different types of cells, reduce different rates. |
| Meiosis | Process by which sex cells reproduce. Female cells (ova) and male cells (spermatozoa or sperm) divide to produce 23 chromosomes each. When ova and sperm combine, 46 chromosomes result to form zygote. |
| Tissues | Cells of same type joined together. 60% ~ 90% H2O. |
| Groups of tissues | Epithelial, connective, nerve, muscle. |
| Types of muscle tissue | Cardiac, skeletal, smooth. |
| Epithelial tissue | Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional, and simple; shape depend on where; lining of GI tract organs, and other hollow organs; skin surface (epidermis) |
| Connective tissue | Can be both solid and liquid. They hold things together and provides structure and support . Ex: fat, other soft padding tissue, bone, tendon(肌腱). |
| Nerve / Nervous tissue | Rapid messenger service for the body; message cause actions to occur. Ex: brain, spinal cord, nerves. |
| Muscle tissue | Cause movement; 3 types. |
| Cardiac muscle tissue | Involuntary in the heart. |
| Skeletal muscle tissue | Voluntary striated and attaches bones, creating movement with certain contraction and relaxation. |
| Smooth muscle tissue | Walls of hollow organs, involuntary. |
| Organs | 2 or more tissues joined together for a specific purpose. |
| Systems | Organs and other body parts joined together for a particular function. |
| Anatomical Position | A standard position which the body is standing erect. Head up, eyes look forward, arms by side, palm forward, legs straight, toes point forward. |
| Transverse plane | Top and bottom. |
| Midsagittal plane | equal left and right part. |
| Sagittal plane | Unequal left and right part. |
| Frontal / Coronal plane | Front and back. |
| Superior vs. Inferior | Top and bottom. Ex: heart is superior to hand; leg is inferior to mouth. |
| Cephalic vs. Caudal | Head and tail / Top and bottom. |
| Anterior vs. Posterior | Front and back; coronal plane. |
| Ventral vs. Dorsal | Front and back. |
| Medial vs. Lateral | Toward mid line, away from mid line. |
| Superficial vs. Deep | On the surface and inside. |
| External vs. Internal | Out and inside. |
| Central vs. Peripheral | Brain & Spinal cord vs. nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body. |
| Proximal vs. Distal | Close vs far. |
Created by:
Chuying
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