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muscular system
movement and more
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| flexion | closing the angle at a joint; bending at the knee or elbow |
| extension | opening the angle at a joint; straightening at the knee or elbow |
| abduction | movement away from the midline of the body; outward movement of the arm at the shoulder |
| adduction | movement toward the midline of the body; return of lifted arm to the body |
| rotation | turning of a body part on its own axis; turning of the forearm from the elbow |
| circumduction | circular movement from a central point; tracing a circle with an outstretched arm |
| pronation | turning downward; turning the palm of the hand downward |
| supination | turning upward; turning the palm of the hand upward |
| eversion | turning outward; turning the sole of the foot outward |
| inversion | turning inward; turning the sole of the foot inward |
| dorsiflexion | bending backward; moving the foot so that the toes point upward, away from the sole of the foot |
| plantar flexion | bending the sole of the foot; pointing the toes downward |
| acetylcholine (ACh) | A neurotransmitter that stimulates contraction of skeletal muscles |
| actin | One of the two contractile proteins in muscle cells; the other is myosin |
| agonist(prime mover) | A muscle that carries out a given movement (from Greek agon meaning "contest," "struggle") |
| antagonist | The muscle that opposes an agonist; it must relax when the agonist contracts |
| cardiac muscle | Involuntary muscle that makes up the heart wall,Pumps blood throughout the body |
| fascia | The fibrous sheath of connective tissue that covers a muscle; called deep fascia to differentiate it from the superficial fascia that underlies the skin |
| fascicle | A small bundle, as of muscle or nerve fibers |
| insertion | In a given movement, the point where a muscle is attached to a moving part of the skeleton |
| muscle | An organ that produces movement by contracting; also the tissue that composes such organs |
| myosin | One of the two contractile proteins in muscle cells; the other is actin |
| neuromuscular junction (NMJ) | The point of contact, or synapse, between a branch of a motor neuron and a muscle cell |
| origin | In a given movement, the point where a muscle is attached to a stable part of the skeleton |
| prime mover | The main muscle involved in a given movement |
| skeletal muscle | Voluntary muscle that moves the skeleton and maintains posture, attached to the bone |
| smooth muscle(visceral ) | Involuntary muscle that makes up the wall of organs, vessels, and ducts; visceral muscle. Helps with digestion and other automatic functions |
| synergist(assistant) | A muscle that assists a prime mover to produce a given movement |
| tendon | A fibrous band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone (roots: ten/o, tendin/o) |
| tonus | A state of steady, partial muscle contraction that maintains firmness; muscle tone (root: ton/o) |
| diaphragm | the main muscle responsible for breathing |
| heat production | Muscles produce heat during contraction through chemical changes. This helps the body maintain normal temperature |
| digestion | Smooth muscles in the digestive tract move food through the stomach and intestines. These movements are involuntary (automatic, not consciously controlled). |
| Elimination | Muscles also help push waste (fecal matter) out of the body during elimination. |
| Circulation | The heart is made of cardiac muscle tissue. It contracts involuntarily to pump blood throughout the body. This delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes waste. |
| non-striated (smooth apperance) | smooth muscle |
| straited with intercalated discs | cardiac muscle |
| Striated (striped) appearance | Skeletal Muscle |
| Helps with functions like digestion, blood flow, and elimination. | smooth muscle (viscera) |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | Acts like a fuel source for muscle cells. |
| Anaerobic Process (without oxygen) | Less efficient, Produces less ATP quickly, Used during short bursts of high-intensity activity (e.g., sprinting, lifting) |
| uses stored glucose | Anaerobic ATP |
| uses oxygen | Aerobic ATP |
| Aerobic Process (with oxygen) | More efficient, Produces more ATP, Used during long-duration, low-intensity activities (e.g., walking, jogging) |
| Contractility | Muscles can shorten to produce movement. |
| Extensibility | Muscles can be stretched without damage. |
| Elasticity | Muscles can return to their original shape after being stretched or contracted. |
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timya scales
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