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Anatomy week 6-12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| alveoli | accomplish the lung’s main and vital function, that of gas exchange between air and blood |
| Upper Respiratory Tract | Processing of incoming air Conducts air to and from lungs Vocalization and phonation Olfaction |
| Anterior nares (external nares | Nostrils External openings of nasal cavity. Boundary between external environment and nasal cavity |
| Nasal cavity | Conducts air between atmosphere (external environment) and pharynx Warms, humidifies, cleans inspired |
| Vestibule | Conducts air between external environment and respiratory portion of nasal cavity Vibrissae prevent entry of large contaminant |
| Respiratory portion | Conducts air between vestibule and pharynx Meatuses create turbulence to assist processing of inspired air Mucosa warms, humidifies, and cleans inspired air Olfaction |
| Paranasal sinuses | Four pairs of air-filled spaces within frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones of skull Lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium Drain into the nasal cavity |
| Posterior nares (internal nares) | Openings from the nasal cavity into the pharynx |
| Pharynx | Throat Extends from posterior nares to the esophagus Supported by occipital bone and skeletal muscle Lined with mucous membrane (nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium) Conducts air between nasal cavity and larynx |
| Nasopharynx | Segment of pharynx posterior to nasal cavity Pharyngeal tonsils in posterior wall Conducts air between posterior nares and oropharynx |
| Oropharynx | Conducts air between nasopharynx and/or oral cavity and laryngopharynx Segment of pharynx posterior to oral cavity Pair of palatine tonsils in lateral walls Lingual tonsils in anterior wall, at base of tongue |
| Laryngopharynx | Conducts air between oropharynx and larynx Segment of pharynx posterior to opening of larynx and superior to opening of esophagus |
| Larynx | Conducts air between the pharynx and trachea Prevents food from entering lower airways Vocalization Ciliary escalator removes contaminant |
| Epiglottis | Flexes during swallowing to cover larynx and prevent food from entering lower airways |
| Tonsils | Immune protection of respiratory and digestive mucosa |
| Vestibule | Conducts air between pharynx and vestibular folds |
| Vestibular folds (false vocal fold | Slow contaminants dripping toward lower airways |
| Ventricle | Conducts air between mucosal folds of larynx |
| Vocal folds | Prevent contaminants from entering lower airways Produce vibrations when pulled together during expiration |
| Lower Respiratory Tract | Conducts air to and from gas-exchange tissues of lungs Portion of respiratory tract within the thoracic cavity Also called bronchial tree |
| Trachea | Windpipe Extends from larynx to primary bronchi Supported by C-shaped cartilage rings Lined with respiratory mucosa Conducts air between the larynx and bronchi Ciliary escalator removes contaminant |
| Bronchi | Treelike branching of airways Supported by cartilage rings Lined with respiratory mucosa Conduct air between trachea and lungs Ciliary escalator removes contaminants |
| Primary bronchi | Conduct air to and from the lungs |
| Secondary bronchi ( | Branches of the primary bronchi; three from the right, two from the left Conduct air to and from the lobes of lungs |
| Tertiary bronchi | Conduct air to and from the various bronchopulmonary segments of lungs Branches of the secondary bronchi |
| Bronchioles | Conduct air to and from alveoli |
| Visceral pleura | covers the outer surfaces of the lungs and adheres to them |
| parietal pleura | lines the entire thoracic cavity. It adheres to the internal surface of the ribs and the superior surface of the diaphragm, and it partitions off the mediastinum |
| Pulmonary ventilation | One phase of it, inspiration, moves air into the lungs, and the other phase, expiration, moves air out of the lungs. (breathing) |
| central nervous system (CNS) | Consisting of the brain and spinal cord, the CNS integrates incoming pieces of sensory information, evaluates the information, and initiates an out-going response. |
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | nerve tissues that lie in the periphery, or “outer regions,” of the nervous system. |
| somatic nervous system (SNS) | regulates the somatic effectors, which are the skeletal muscles. The motor pathways that directly control the skeletal muscles make up the somatic motor division. |
| autonomic nervous system (ANS) | carry information to the autonomic, or visceral, effectors, which are mainly the smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue, and other “involuntary” tissue. |
| enteric nervous system (ENS) | “Intestinal nervous system.” |
| Glia | Brain, spinal cord, nerves Support cells Structural and functional support of neurons |
| Astrocytes | CNS Central body with many radiating processes Promote nervous tissue development; provide nutrients to neurons, restore ion balance; help form and regulate synapses; part of blood-brain barrier |
| Microglia | CNS Very small and stationary but can enlarge and move when stimulated Engulf microbes and debris; prune neural circuits |
| Ependymal cells | CNS Form sheets with motile cilia Line fluid space; propel fluid |
| Oligodendrocytes | CNS Central body with processes that wrap around neuron processes Form insulating myelin sheath around CNS nerve fibers, which promotes rapid conduction along neurons |
| Schwann cells | PNS Entire cell wraps around neuron processes; outer portion called neurilemma Form insulating myelin sheath around PNS nerve fibers, which promotes rapid conduction along neurons; promotes regeneration of damaged nerve fibers |
| Neurons | Brain, spinal cord, nerves Central body with fiber-like processes Detect stimuli; conduct impulses; signal other cells |
| Multipolar neurons | Brain and spinal cord Single axon, multiple dendrites Process (integrate) information, conduct impulses along motor pathways |
| Unipolar neurons | Sensory pathways Single process branches to form a central and a peripheral process Conduct information along sensory pathways |
| Lateral spinothalamic | Pain, temperature, and crude touch on opposite side |
| Anterior spinothalamic | Crude touch and pressure |
| Fasciculi gracilis and cuneatus | Discriminating touch and pressure sensations, including vibration, stereognosis, and two-point discrimination; also conscious kinesthesia |
| Anterior and posterior spinocerebellar | Subconscious kinesthesia |
| Spinotectal | Touch related to visual reflexes |
Created by:
nisha0220
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