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unit 9 vocab

Unit 9 Vocabulary

TermDefinition
Pathogen Any living or non-living thing that can cause disease when spread from organism to organism
Virus Non-living pathogens
Bacteria Single-celled prokaryotic pathogens. Can be treated with antibiotics.
Fungi Mostly multicellular pathogens that tend to infect the skin.
Protist Mostly unicellular pathogens that cause many different internal infections like malaria and giardiasis.
Worms Animal pathogens. Infections start by ingesting their eggs, which will hatch in the body and cause infection.
Innate Defenses Protects the body from all pathogens by using the same methods no matter the pathogen
Adaptive Defenses Protects the body with a specific response depending on the type of pathogen
Mucus Membranes Protective lining that covers all internal body parts that are exposed to the outside environment
Inflammation Nonspecific response of the body that rushes blood to any damaged tissues
Complement Proteins Specialized proteins that circulate through blood. They will puncture the cell membranes of living pathogens to make them easier to kill.
Interferons Specialized proteins released by cells infected with viruses. They warn other nearby cells of the virus, allowing these cells to make proteins that will combat the virus.
Pyrogens Chemical produced by white blood cells, which triggers the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature
Antigens Surface markers on pathogens, that the immune system will detect signaling them to attack
Helper T Cells Immune cells that release cytokines
Cytotoxic T Cells Immune cell activated by cytokines. It will travel to the site of infection and use perforins to destroy the cell membranes of the pathogens
B Cells Immune cell activated by cytokines. It will produce antibodies to prevent the spread of infection.
Antibodies Proteins made by B Cells that bind to the antigens of pathogens, preventing the infection on new cells
Memory Cells Converted B cells that will continue to produce antibodies to prevent future infections caused by a specific pathogen
Primary Immune Response When the body is first exposed to a pathogen and has to create antibodies from scratch.
Secondary Immune Response The quicker immune response. The body has already been primed to fight a pathogen thanks to the antibodies produced from memory cells during the first infection.
Active Acquired Immunity When antibodies are created by one's own body either through infection or vaccinations
Passive Acquired Immunity When antibodies are given to the body through process like pregnancy, breastfeeding, or antibody injections.
Mouth The beginning of the digestive tract. It starts digestion by using mechanical and chemical means to breakdown food into more digestible substances.
Tongue Moves food through the mouth.
Palatine Tonsils Part of the immune system found in the back of mouth/top of throat.
Esophagus Tube that carries broken down food from the mouth to the stomach to be further digested.
Stomach Part of the digestive that uses digestive enzymes and acids to break food down into easily absorbed chemicals.
Pancreas Digestive organ that makes enzymes like insulin (for sugars) that will mix with stomach acid to break down food before reaching the intestines.
Duodenum First part of the small intestine which finalizes the breakdown of food before nutrients can be absorbed.
Liver Organ with many functions including: making bile, breaking down bilirubin, and detoxification.
Gallbladder Organ that stores bile produced by the liver until it is needed in the duodenum.
Small Intestine Organ responsible for absorbing the nutrients from food. It uses villi to increase the absorptive surface area.
Large Intestine Organ responsible for the preparation of digestive wastes to be excreted from the body. It reabsorbs water and packages feces.
Appendix Storage organ for "good" bacteria. Will restock the digestive system with this bacteria after diarrheal diseases.
Rectum Part of the large intestine which stores feces until it is time to be removed from the body.
Anus Muscular sphincter which controls bowel movements.
Created by: Minyoongi 06
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