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Battle of Hastings and the Norman Conquest (1066) Marked a swift and total transformation of England. William of Normandy's victory ended Anglo-Saxon rule. Introduced feudalism, castles, and a new ruling class. Significantly altered England's politics and culture.
The Crusades (1096–1291) Were a mix of religious zeal and political ambition. Opened trade routes to the East and cultural exchange. Increased tensions between Christians and Muslims. Shifted power away from feudal lords.
The Great Century (13th–14th Centuries) Saw intellectual and artistic growth in Europe. Universities emerged, and monarchs gained power. Literature began to appear in vernacular languages.
Babylonian Captivity, Great Schism, and Black Death The papacy was in Avignon and influenced by French politics. The Great Schism resulted in rival popes. The Black Death decimated Europe’s population. Led to labor shortages and social upheaval.
Hundred Years War (1337–1453) Was fought between England and France over the French throne. Strengthened national identities in both countries. Saw the decline of chivalry and rise of gunpowder.
War of the Roses (1455–1487) Was a power struggle between the houses of York and Lancaster. Henry Tudor's victory established the Tudor dynasty. Weakened the nobility and strengthened the English crown.
The Renaissance (1350–1600) Was a cultural rebirth that started in Italy. flourished in Florence, supported by the Medici family. The printing press facilitated the spread of knowledge. Bridged the medieval world and modernity.
The Protestant Reformation Began with Martin Luther's challenge to Catholic practices. Emphasized faith over works and scripture over tradition. Led to religious conflict and the fragmentation of Europe.
The Catholic Reformation Was the Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation. Included reforms and the suppression of dissent. Revitalized Catholicism and slowed Protestant expansion.
Battle of Lepanto and Prelude Ottomans failed to take Malta in 1565. Christian forces defeated the Ottoman fleet at Lepanto in 1571. Halted Ottoman expansion in the Mediterranean.
Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) Began as a religious conflict in the Holy Roman Empire. Involved major European powers for political reasons. Devastated Germany and altered European diplomacy.
English Civil War and Glorious Revolution Civil War pitted Charles I against Parliament. Glorious Revolution established a constitutional monarchy. Shifted power to Parliament and ended absolute royal rule.
The Reign of Louis XIV Louis XIV centralized power in France. His policies left France powerful but heavily indebted.
Industrial and Scientific Revolutions The Scientific Revolution emphasized observation and experiment. The Industrial Revolution transformed manufacturing. Led to urbanization and the rise of capitalism.
The Enlightenment Emphasized reason, liberty, and questioning authority. Inspired reforms and revolutions. Promoted science, education, and progress.
The French Revolution (1789–1799) Was driven by inequality and Enlightenment ideals. Overthrew the monarchy and spread revolutionary ideas. Napoleon seized power after years of chaos.
Created by: C Dilly
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