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Nervous System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| sensory input | sensory receptors gather information from the environment and send it to the brain |
| integration | the brain processes and understands the sensory input and decides what should be done in response |
| motor output | messages are sent from the brain to the muscles or gland to cause a response |
| peripheral nervous system | nerves that extend from the brain or spinal cord |
| spinal nerves | to and from the spinal cord (peripheral) |
| cranial nerves | to and from the brain (peripheral) |
| central nervous system | includes the brain and spinal cord. integration and control center that interprets sensory input and dictates motor output |
| motor division | efferent division (exits brain) that send messages from the brain to the muscles and gland using motor neurons and is considered motor output (peripheral) |
| sensory division | afferent division (arrives at brain) that delivers messages from the senses to the brain using sensory neurons and is considered sensory input (peripheral) |
| autonomic nervous system | motor neurons from the brain to the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands that are involuntary (peripheral/ motor division) |
| somatic nervous system | motor neurons from the brain to the skeletal muscles that are voluntary (peripheral/ motor division) |
| sympathetic division | fight or flight response that activates the body systems (peripheral/autonomic) |
| parasympathetic division | rest and digest that calms the body systems down (peripheral/autonomic) |
| dendrites | receive impulses from the previous neuron. are short and highly branched |
| cell body | also known as the soma, contains organelles, and produces proteins and molecules needed for a neuron to send and receive an impulse. |
| myelin sheath | lipid layer that insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of action potentials along the axon |
| axon hillock | where axon joins the cell body |
| nodes of ranvier | gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon where impulses "skip" to them |
| Schwann cells | produce the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system |
| axon | carries impulses away from the soma and toward the next neuron |
| synaptic end bulbs | store neurotransmitters that are released into the synapse due to impulses |
| axon terminals | fine projections at the end of an axon that pass the impulse to the next neuron |
| structural classification | based on the number of processes extending from the soma (multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar) |
| functional classification | based on the direction that the message travels through the neuron in relation to the CNS (sensory, motor, and interneurons) |
| multipolar | have many processes (one long axon and multiple dendrites) and are the most common type of neuron |
| bipolar | have two processes (one branching axon and one dendrite) are very rare and only found in the special sense organs |
| unipolar | have only one process (an axon) and mainly found in the peripheral nervous system |
| sensory | also known as afferent neurons, carry impulses from the sensory receptors in the skin or sense organs to the CNS. are usually unipolar |
| motor | also known as efferent neurons, carry impulses from the CNS to the muscles or glands, are usually multipolar |
| interneurons | also known as association neurons, transmit impulses within the CNS, over 99% of neurons in the body. are usually multipolar |
| neurons | main cells of the nervous system (billions) that send impulses from one part of the body to another. have a long lifespan but are amitotic and require constant oxygen and die quickly without it |
| amitotic | don't divide (cannot be replaced) |
| neuroglial cells | are smaller than neurons. are also called glial/glue cells and fill spaces between neurons and support them (6 different ones) |
| astrocytes | largest and most numerous neuroglial cell that anchor neurons to blood capillaries (CNS) |
| microglial cells | sense and approach injured neurons and phagocytose bacteria and debris (CNS) |
| ependymal cells | use cilia to circulate cerebrospinal fluid around the brain and spinal cord (CNS) |
| oligodendrocytes | form myelin sheath in the CNS |
| satellite cells | surround the cell body of a neuron and regulate levels of oxygen, CO2, and nutrients |
| membrane potential | a difference in charge between the inside and outside of a cell due to ions (Na+ and K+) |
| concentration gradient | a difference in concentration of ions on the inside and outside of a cell; causes ions to flow through channels to reach equilibrium |
| voltage-gated channels | require only an impulse to open (K+ and Na+ channels) |
| sodium-potassium pump | requires ATP to open: pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in |
| action potential | also known as an electrical message/an impulse: quick electrical messages that travel down the axon of a neuron, reversing the charge of the axon from negative to positive: carries the impulse to the next neuron |
Created by:
o.t.2001
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