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Digestive System

This is a study guide for the Digestive System for Anatomy & Physiology.

Question Answer
What is the order of food through the parts of the alimentary canal? Mouth → Pharynx → Esophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large Intestine → Anus
What attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth? The lingual frenulum
What is the purpose of the tonsils? To help fight infections by trapping pathogens that enter through the mouth and nose.
What are the 3 sections of the pharynx? Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx.
What type of muscle is found in the pharynx? Striated muscle
What are the names of the 2 sphincters associated with the stomach and where is each located? The lower esophageal sphincter (at the junction of the esophagus and stomach) and the pyloric sphincter (at the junction of the stomach and small intestine).
How many muscle layers does the stomach have compared to the esophagus? The stomach has three layers (longitudinal, circular, and oblique) while the esophagus has two layers (longitudinal and circular).
What types of chemicals are found in the stomach and how does each aid in digestion? Hydrochloric acid (kills bacteria and activates pepsin), pepsin (digests proteins), and mucus (protects the stomach lining).
What prevents the acid in the stomach from destroying its lining? Mucus produced by the stomach lining.
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine? Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum.
What accessory organs add their secretions to the small intestine and to which part do they add the secretions? The pancreas (adds to the duodenum), liver (produces bile, adds to the duodenum), and gallbladder (stores bile, releases into the duodenum).
What 3 characteristics of the small intestine allow for an increase in surface area for absorption? Villi, microvilli, and circular folds (plicae circulares).
What structures remove bacteria left in the small intestine just before it joins with the large intestine? Peyer's patches (lymphoid tissue).
What are the subdivisions of the large intestine? Cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal.
What are the subdivisions of the colon? Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon.
What 2 structures control the removal of feces from the anus? Internal anal sphincter (involuntary) and external anal sphincter (voluntary).
What produces the mucus in the large intestine? Goblet cells.
What are the total numbers for deciduous teeth and permanent teeth a person has? 20 deciduous teeth and 32 permanent teeth
Describe the 4 types of permanent teeth. Incisors (cutting), canines (tearing), premolars (crushing), molars (grinding).
What are the parts of teeth, their functions, and what do they contain? Enamel (protects), dentin (supports), pulp (contains nerves and blood vessels).
What are the 3 types of salivary glands and what are their products? Parotid (saliva with enzymes), submandibular (saliva with enzymes and mucus), sublingual (mucus-rich saliva).
What are the 6 functions of the digestive system? Ingestion, digestion, absorption, compaction, defecation, and secretion.
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids? Carbohydrates: monosaccharides; Proteins: amino acids; Lipids: fatty acids and glycerol.
What process and molecule provide most of the ATP for the body? What does the liver use to make ATP instead? Cellular respiration provides ATP; the liver can use fatty acids to produce ATP.
What problems can occur when fat is used to provide more ATP? What conditions can lead to this? Ketosis can occur, leading to ketoacidosis; conditions include prolonged fasting or low-carbohydrate diets.
What is the harmful byproduct of protein metabolism that must be released from the body? Urea.
From what source does most of our cholesterol come? Liver.
Why is LDL considered a bad lipoprotein and HDL is considered to be good? LDL (low-density lipoprotein) can lead to plaque buildup in arteries, while HDL (high-density lipoprotein) helps remove cholesterol from the bloodstream.
What does the BMR tell you? Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) indicates the number of calories the body needs at rest to maintain basic physiological functions.
What factors affect one's BMR? Age, sex, body composition, and hormonal levels.
Created by: trish11
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