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AP Euro Unit 8
Terms and Important stuff from Unit 8 (20th Cen. Global Conflicts)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| (WWI) Rites of Spring (1913) | - Not a traditional kind of ballet - Music by Igor Stravinsky - Choreography by Vaslav Nijinsky - Unexpected |
| (WWI) Labour Party (1900) | Formed by more radical Trade Unions |
| (WWI) National Insurance Act (1911) | -Liberal party needed to appease workers so created this - Health care for most people |
| (WWI) The Dreyfus Affair (1894) | - Ends right's threat to republic in France - France has unstable government - Antisemitism |
| (WWI) Kulturkampf | - Means "culture's struggle" - Bismarck picking on Catholics to reduce their power - Problem after German unification |
| (WWI) German Social Reforms (1883-89) | - Social reforms passed Bismarck SPD - Workers receive sick & disability benefits, get pensions, etc. - Bismarck trying to pick on SPD but biggest party in Reichstag so fails |
| (WWI) Social Democrats (1912) | - 12 people elected to Reichstag but continues to grow - Biggest party in Reichstag - Bismarck tries to pass anti-SPD laws & persecute SPD but fails |
| (WWI) Kaiser Wilhelm II (1888) | - Becomes new power in Germany after Bismarck sent away - Was aggressive & had most powerful army - Unstable nature of WWI could be from him - Francis Joseph of Austria-Hungary was his best friend |
| (WWI) Weltpolitik | - Imperialist policies that Germany used - Germany feeling left out that all these other European counties had colonies but they didn't - Just wanted to fit in |
| (WWI) 2nd Moroccan Crisis (1911) | - Germany wanted colonies (Weltpolitik) but just got more war - Germany gets Congo but is still feining for more - Hypothetical war being discussed |
| (WWI) Triple Entente (1907) | - One of the sides created due to alliances - Between Great Britain, France, Russia |
| (WWI) Flight to the Front | - Idea based on nationalism - War brings people together was ideology |
| (WWI) Brinksmanship | - Threaten to get what you want in regards to war - Used to be effective but slowly stopped working - WWI made Europeans scared to get into war at all |
| (WWI) Otto Dix (1891-1969) | - Painted & depicted WWI - Specializes portraying people who don't like humans due to war wounds - Disfigurement was main subject for paintings |
| (WWI) Wilfred Owen (1893-1918) | - Poet who wrote about WWI - Wrote "Dulce et Decorum Est" one of his most popular poems - Authentic representation of war since he served in it |
| (WWI) Serbian/Balkan Crisis (1912-14) | - Serbia is starting to collect all the land - Austria is scared that Serbia will take its land too (since it's pretty weak at this point) - War would be bad since Serbia has Russia on its side - New plan is to side with Germany & Schlieffen plan |
| (WWI) Gavrilo Princip, the Black Hand Society | - Assassinated future heir of Austro-Hungarian throne, Franz Ferdinand in 1914 - Austria wanted to punish Serbia for this - Foundation of war between Serbia & Austria |
| (WWI) Window of Opportunity | - The opportunity that Germans & Austrians get to get rid of Serbia - Assassination of Franz Ferdinand is that window of opportunity - Germany has Schlieffen plan but need to stay on Austria's good side for this to work |
| (WWI) Blank Check | - Approved war between Austria & Serbia that was caused due to assassination of Franz Ferdinand - Serbia had Russian support - Russia began mobilizing troops to scare the Germans, prompting them to come up with Schlieffen plan |
| (WWI) Schlieffen Plan | - Used to avoid a two front war - Had to be fast & revolving - Germans invaded Belgium, which involved Brits - Russians mobilized faster than expected, resulting Trench Warfare & two front war Germany couldn't win |
| (WWI) Battle of the Marne (1914) | - Schlieffen plan fails - Trench Warfare used and lasts the rest of the war - Germany can't win two front war |
| (WWI) Trench Warfare (1914-1918) | -New kind of warfare that doesn't require much movement -Trenches are created & used in war -New tech showing that people are expandable -Dead bodies everywhere, unexploded bombs -Soldiers of WWI are angry; make up National Socialists during WWII |
| (WWI) Battle of Tannenberg (1914) | -Needed to break Russian troops - Russians doing well in beginning but lose war due to poor leadership & lack of guns - Troops leaving & basically voting for revolution - Dissatisfaction & conditions results in Revolution of 1917, based on Marxism |
| (WWI) Battle of Somme (1916) | - Britain's first major battle - Bombing & destroying Germans - Warns Germany beforehand - Men going to no man's land and being injured - 20000 Brits dead, 40000 injured - Accomplished nothing |
| (WWI) Battle of Verdun (1916-1917) | -Germans attack center of France knowing they will use everything to defend themselves -Take Verdun fortress then lose it in 1917 -Want to bleed French army dry by sacrificing soldiers -Men seen as disposable; make up Freikorps (foundation of fascism) |
| (WWI) Zimmerman Note (1917) | - Note from German minister in the US written to Mexico asking them to attack the US - US now involved - German allies collapse & Wilhelm no longer king - Socialists end up signing peace treaty saying they lost since no one else wanted to |
| (WWI) Stab in the Back Theory | - Theory that Germany lost war because of Jews - Used by Hitler & Antisemitic people in Germany after defeat of Germany in WWI - Antisemitic propaganda |
| (WWI) Woodrow Wilson's 14 points | - Idea is to settle & people can be open & peaceful - Europeans are excited about these ideas - Instead of war, sit down & talk (foundation for UN) - Brits & French hate his ideas - Wants US to join League of Nations (they don't) |
| (WWI) Easter Rising (1916) | - Protest against British control as a result of WWI - Leaders of rebellion publicly executed, become martyrs - Irish independence movement, celebrated as independence day - Example of colonies breaking free from Brits |
| (WWI) Treaty of Versailles | - Says: Germany can't have military, army, or navy; have to pay 5 billion marks; lose 1/8 of their land, their colonies, & 6.2 million people - Leads to war guilt clause/Article 231 - Didn't work, Germany was rearmed |
| (WWI) Article 231 | - Says its all Germany's fault - Europeans guaranteed a second war - Called it diktat & was used by Germany, Hitler, Nazis, etc. as a war cry |
| (Rus. Rev.) Tsar Nicholas II | - Agreed to October Manifesto, but ignores - Forced to act in Revolution of 1905 - Leaves throne after February Revolution |
| (Rus. Rev.) Bolsheviks | - Peasants & workers take over - Communist - Vote on revolution - Organized by Lenin - Win October Revolution - Gave peasants land, seized banks & churches, gave soviets factory |
| (Rus. Rev.) V.I. Lenin | -Wrote "What is to be Done"; about how workers need a party to be political -Gave April Theses speech to advocate peace between people -Gets Russia out of war through Treaty of Brest-Litovsk -Uses force by locking other parties out of election room |
| (Rus. Rev.) April Theses | - Speech from Lenin to advocate for peace - Wasn't taken seriously by people at the time |
| (Rus. Rev.) Professional Government | - Collapses during October Rev. in 1917 - Controlled by Alexander Kerensky |
| (Rus. Rev.) Order No. 1 of the Petrograd Soviet | - Army needs to refuse PG - Petrograd Soviet organized by Leon Trotsky - Ranks abolished & election is how to determine |
| (Rus. Rev.) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) | - Russia out of war because of Lenin |
| (Rus. Rev.) Cheka | - Russia is a one party state now - Created Cheka Dec in 1917 as a way to maintain power - Executed 6,300 in first year - Secret police used |
| (Rus. Rev.) Leon Trotsky & Civil War (1918-1920) | -Civil war between reds (Bolsheviks) & whites emerging, so decided to implement war communism -Reds win civil war due to good organization -Controlling most of Russia, communist propaganda, promotions, etc. -In charge of organizing Bolsheviks |
| (Rus. Rev.) War Communism | - Centralized economy - Nationalization of banks, factories, mines, etc. - Low/Free social programs - Kept Bolsheviks in power but economy sucked, so they came up with NEP |
| (Rus. Rev.) New Economic Policy (NEP) | - Temporary pause in communism - Peasants could sell for money - Family businesses could happen - Economic recovery & communists saved - Political football between Trotsky & Stalin |
| (WWI) League of Nations | - Created new map, Austria reduced, etc. - Couldn't follow through with anything |
| (WWI) Freikorps | - Lack of trust in government created this new generation of angry men - Foundation for WWII leaders |
| (Ec. Cri.) The Great Depression | - Caused because the economy not going back to normal after WWI, decrease in national economies, & American Stock Market Crash |
| (Ec. Cri.) Agricultural Overproduction | |
| (Ec. Cri.) American Stock Market Crash (1929) | - Prices were declining already, but Americans kept pulling out loans from Germany to invest in the New York stock - Weakened European banks - Banks failing like domino effect, skyrocketing unemployment & crashing domestic economies |
| (Ec. Cri.) John Maynard Keyes | -Wrote "General Theory of Employment, Interest, & Money" in 1936 -Theory was that economic depression should be solved by increasing demand for items to encourage production -Went against traditional methods of tariffs and balanced budgets |
| (Ec. Cri.) Communism | Continued to rise after people were beginning to be proven to that capitalism was a failed system due to the economic crisis |
| (Ec. Cri.) Fascism | People felt that dictatorships were easy solutions to major issues like the economic crisis |
| (Ita. Tot. Fas.) Mussolini | - Invented the world totalitarian to describe Fascist Italian state - First Fascist movement help by him in Italy - Started as socialist but after WWI, expelled from party - Formed Squadristi - Shifted to rightist politics to gain more support |
| (Ita. Tot. Fas.) Squadristi/Blackshirts | - Armed Fascists that attacked socialist offices & thrived on violence - 200,000 by 1921 - Believed terrorism would result in a political win |
| (Ita. Tot. Fas.) Middle Class Appeal | - Universal fear of socialists, communism, & disorganization helped it thrive - Most fascism supporters were middle class |
| (Ita. Tot. Fas.) Propaganda | - Mussolini said a speech to Blackshirts about raiding Rome - They weren't planning on actually doing it, but said it so they could gain power - Blackshirts still marched in Rome as if they got power through violence - "Mussolini is always right" |
| (Ita. Tot. Fas.) Takeover (1922) | - King Victor Emmaneul III made Mussolini prime minister so he wouldn't raid Rome - Blackshirts were able to march Rome as if they got power through violence after this |
| (Ita. Tot. Fas.) One Party State (1926) | - Anti Fascist parties outlaws - Italians forced to think in a fascist way - Fascist educational policies & fascist organizations |
| (Ita. Tot. Fas.) OVRA | - Secret police - Outlawed anti-fascism |
| (Ita. Tot. Fas.) Young Fascism | - Youth organization to convince young people to follow fascism - 66% of youth enrolled in these programs - Lots of activities to create a new generation of Italians that were fit, organized, & disciplined, and liked military |
| (Ita. Tot. Fas.) Family Ideals | - Women foundation of family - Larger families got more pay, loans, prizes, etc. - Mother & Child Day celebrated |
| (Ita. Tot. Fas.) Role of Women | - Homemakers - Foundation of the home - Producing babies - Employment outside of house was considered a distraction - No women in jobs got rid of male unemployment |
| (Ita. Tot. Fas.) Violence/Police/Military | - Fascism didn't really take this stuff over - Still was independent - Special fascist police (OVRA) but that's all |
| (Ita. Tot. Fas.) Catholic Church | - Mussolini wanted their support - Wanted to recognize Vatican City as Italian state - Guaranteed them lots of money & that Catholicism would be Italy's major religion - Catholic Church encouraged Italians to follow fascist regime |
| (Ger. Tot. Fas.) Hitler | -Led Nazis -Wanted to gain power in Germany (saw Mussolini) -Came up with racist & antisemitic ideologies while living in Vienna -Became a soldier in WWI, & after joined German Workers' Party (changed it to NAZI) -Open to Germans in 1929 (successful) |
| (Ger. Tot. Fas.) Weimar | - Republican state after Germany defeat in WWI - Very unstable - Hindenburg had traditional political views - Couldn't control Germany's government (economic issues happened) - Caused extreme political parties - Hitler wanted to overthrow |
| (Ger. Tot. Fas.) Mein Kampf | - Hitler's autobiography written when in jail - Means "My Struggle" - Talks about his time in Vienna shaping him - Gave more insight on the Nazi movement & its ideologies - How Hitler was able to get power |
| (Ger. Tot. Fas.) SA/Brownshirts | - Police force of the Nazis - Defended them in meeting halls - Rose to 500,000 in 1930s |
| (Ger. Tot. Fas.) Beer Hall Putsch (1923) | - Hitler wanted to stage an uprising to overthrow Weimar Republic - Arrested & put in jail for 5 years - Gave him more confidence to continue his mission for power |
| (Ger. Tot. Fas.) Fuhrerprinzip/Middle Class Appeal | - Leadership principle (meaning one party, one leader) - A good Nazi would die for their leader - Young people liked this because it made sense - Enthusiastic about speeches & stuff - Catered to middle class for more support |
| (Ger. Tot. Fas.) Propaganda & Unemployment | - Nazis motivated by Propaganda - Nazis could be in power because of unemployment - People liked radical ideas due to the Great Depression - Nazi party largest in Germany |
| (Ger. Tot. Fas.) Elections (1932) | - Nazis won 230 seats in the Elections - Ballots weren't seen as important for rise of Nazi party |
| (Ger. Tot. Fas.) Chancellorship (1933) | - Hitler became chancellor because of pressure from elites to Hindenburg - Able to form a new government now - Could arrest people unfairly |
| (Ger. Tot. Fas.) Enabling Act (1933) | - Started after not getting full majority in election - Made Hitler's actions legal (didn't need approval from Parliament or Hindenburg) - Became a dictator because of this |
| (Ger. Tot. Fas.) Night of the Long Knives (1933) | - Getting rid of Rohm - Started because SA and Rohm were criticizing Hitler (potential threat to his power) - Solved the issue by killing Rohm & SA members - Army support for Hitler to take throne after Hindenburg - He did that |
| (Ger. Tot. Fas.) Nuremberg Rallies | - Mass demonstrations happened to get people involved - Similar to religious service but with more excitement |
| (Ger. Tot. Fas.) Image vs Reality of Institutions | - Lots of internal struggle between everyone - Not as picture perfect & powerful as one might think - Chaos & inconsistencies - Hitler main decision maker |
| (Ger. Tot. Fas.) Unemployment & War | - Pump printing was used to solve unemployment - Unemployment dropped from 6 million to less than 500,000 in 3 years - Improved economy encouraged more people to join party |
| (Ger. Tot. Fas.) Mass Leisure | Labor fronts sponsored activities for workers |
| (Ger. Tot. Fas.) SS or Schutzstaffeln | - Translates to "Protection Squads" - For those who needed to be coerced - Controlled all police forces - Used terror (murder, concentration camps, death camps for Jews) - Goal was to pursue Aryan as the superior race |
| (Ger. Tot. Fas.) Hitler Youth | - Goal was to have youth believe Nazi ideas from a young age - Oath memorized by youth that says they will devote everything for their leader & would die for their leader |
| (Ger. Tot. Fas.) Women/Family | - Bearer of children - Very important for the Aryan racial state - Meant to stay home & take care of children while men fought & worked - Annual ceremony gave women the German Mothers' Cross depending on how many kids they had |
| (Ger. Tot. Fas.) Racial State | - Wanted the Nazi state to be Aryan from beginning - Hitler was anti-Semitic & put that into policies - Jewish businesses were boycotted & non Aryans couldn't work in anything - Banned relationships between German Jews & other Germans |
| (Ger. Tot. Fas.) Kristallnacht (1938) | - "Night of the Shattered Glass" - German secretary was assassinated by a Polish Jew - Made Nazis go in a rage against Jews - Synagogues burned, businesses destroyed, 100 Jews killed, 30,000 sent to concentration camps, forced to emigrate |
| (USSR Tot. Fas.) Stalin | - Joined Bolsheviks in 1903 - Staged robbery to benefit them - Politburo secretary - Had more rightist views - Had full control over communist party - Got rid of Bolsheviks & became dictator - Mass murderer historically |
| (USSR Tot. Fas.) Trotsky | - Leftist views - Wanted to Industrialize USSR - Wanted a revolution so communism could spread everywhere - Banished from communist party in 1927 due to being against Stalin - Went to Mexico & was murdered in 1940 |
| (USSR Tot. Fas.) Politburo | - Institution that led party - Members were fighting for power after Lenin died - Very divided by 1924 |
| (USSR Tot. Fas.) Stalin vs. Trotsky | - Trotsky had leftist views, Stalin had rightist - After Stalin got full control over Communist party, he banished Trotsky - Stalin won since he became a dictator while Trotsky got killed in Mexico |
| (USSR Tot. Fas.) Power of General Secretary | Stalin was able to use his prior secretary power to take over the Communist party & banish Trotsky |
| (USSR Tot. Fas.) Dictatorship (1929) | Stalin got rid of the old Bolsheviks, establishing his dictatorship |
| (USSR Tot. Fas.) First 5 Year Plan (1928) | - Industrialization - Shift in economy - Wanted to change USSR into an industrial state - Maximum production of capital items - Heavy Machinery, oil, steel, & coal skyrocketed |
| (USSR Tot. Fas.) New Economic Policy | Caused dreadful conditions for workers & their families since investment in houses declined |
| (USSR Tot. Fas.) Propaganda & Alexei Stakhanov | - Propaganda promoted a socialist state - Stakhanov was a coal miner who mined 103 coal in one shift - Used to encourage people |
| (USSR Tot. Fas.) Collectivization & Kulaks | -Collectivization of agriculture was increasing as industrialization was -Needed to get rid of Kulaks (private farmers) -Communist ideal happening due to this -26 million farms collectivized into 250,000 units -10 million peasants died due to this |
| (USSR Tot. Fas.) Purges (1936-38) | - Getting rid of old Bolshevik groups in order for Stalin to maintain sole power - Got rid of army officers, diplomats, union officials, intellectuals, citizens, etc. - Russians arrested or sent to Siberian camps |
| (USSR Tot. Fas.) Women/Family | -Before Stalin, women were equal, able to get abortions, divorce, work, etc. -After Stalin, family was the priority & parents needed to raise hardworking kids -Abortion outlawed, fined when divorce -Birthrates stayed the same since working in factories |
| (USSR Tot. Fas.) Education | - Everybody was able to get higher education in engineering because Stalin wanted more Communist leaders - Part time schools increased, people learned to read & write - Higher education means better jobs & wages - Everybody wanted to study |
| (Interwar) US Isolationism | - President Wilson wasn't able to get US in League of Nations after WWI - US wasn't able to mediate WWII |
| (Interwar) Appeasement | -Attempt at negotiating in diplomacy instead of war - France & Britain want this |
| (Interwar) Invasion of Ethiopia (1935) | - Caused by conflict between countries that want war vs those who want appeasement - League of Nations doesn't stop Italy, so they do it - Ethiopians had hit & run warfare that required Italy to ask German for help |
| (Interwar) Anschluss of Austria (1938) | - Annexation of Austria by Germany in 1938 - Connected by language |
| (Interwar) Sudetenland | - Land that has 3 million Germans living there - Hitler wanted it - Goes to League of Nation to ask Brits for it - Czechs don't want to give it to him, but French & Brits against Czechs - Munich Conference to determine if German can get it |
| (Interwar) Munich Conference (1938) | - To determine if German can get Sudetenland - Britain, France, Italy, & Germans attended without the Czechs - British embraces appeasement - Germany gets Sudetenland - Hitler ends up taking all of Czechoslovakia even though only granted Sudetenland |
| (Interwar) Lebensraum | -Means "living space" -Hitler embodied idea -Germans/Aryans as a race need to survive but they need more space to grow so they expand to the East -Surrounded by ideological enemies -Going East addresses Communism, Slavs, Jews, best land, etc. |
| (WWII) Line/Ardennes Forest | - Maginot line: good tech but ineffective - Only covers half of France - Impenetrable forest, but Germany finds a way - Go through & Surround French in 6 weeks - Risky but works |
| (WWII) Operation Barbarossa | - Invasion of the USSR - Stalin purged the Soviet Army (90% killed) - Weren't prepared so pile on border - Fixes Blitzkreig (big issue) - Germans aren't prepared for winter & Soviets don't fight fair |
| (WWII) Stalingrad | - Blitzkreig failed so Germans try something else - Stalin protects Stalingrad - Soviets lose most of city but reinforces come - Nasty fight that Germans aren't used to - Germans lose 6th best army - War is lost in Stalingrad - Failure of Blitzkreig |
| (WWII) D-Day | - Allies open 2 fronts by tricking Germans -Create fake armada to make Germans thing they are attacking somewhere when they are attacking Normandy -Day was won because of deeds of individual soldiers -As allies land, war ends quickly |
| (WWII) Lend-Lease | US lends money, but now wants it back from France & Great Britain |
| (WWII) Dresden | - New type of bomb called firebomb (made with phosphorus & feeds on oxygen) - Allies target older German towns since made of wood - 20-40,000 dead |
| (WWII) Territorial Changes | - Buffer states from USSR - Make sure they elect communist parties - Soviets gain territories - Make sure no invasions happen again |
| (WWII) Population Changes | - 10 million refugees in Europe - Arabs forced out of Palestine when Israel created in 1948 - Eastern European population changes - Jewish Poles before war 3.5 million but now only 8,000 |
| (WWII) Decolonization | - Indian & Pakistani independence in 1947 - Civil wars between them afterwards |
| (WWII) The United Nations (1945) | Created after WWII |
| (WWII) The European Economic Community (1957) | Because of it, European Union began |
| (WWII) The Emergence of the Cold War | US vs Soviets basically |
| (Holo.) Nuremberg Laws (1935) | - Citizenship based on race (need to be German to be citizen) -Jews demoted from citizens to subjects of the state -Change of identity from religious to racial -Goal to create perfect Aryan family -Relations between Aryans & non-Aryans forbidden |
| (Holo.) Einstatzgruppen (1938) | - Death squads - People who have no training drafted to kill people - Had a choice between doing it or not , but most did - Killing Jews by shooting in the back of head or in trenches with machine guns |
| (Holo.) Concentration/Work Camps | Worked to death |
| (Holo.) Final Solution | - Babi Yar Massacre killed 30,000 in 2 days - Over 1 million killed normally but they needed to be fully eliminated; destruction of Jewish race - Final solution were the camps |
| (WWII) Land Girls | British women taking over positions that were mostly dominated by men as they were in war |
| (WWII) Night Witches (1941) | -Soviet bombers during WWII - Flew planes at night & bombed Germans |
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