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AP Euro Unit 7
Terms and Important stuff from Unit 7 (19th cen.)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| (2nd IR) Chemicals & Fertilizer | - Chemicals made in German labs - Led to photographic plates being developed - Increased crops and agriculture, bringing more money and farming |
| (2nd IR) Electricity | - New source of energy other than coal - More universal - Intentions of electric forms of transportation |
| (2nd IR) Thomas Edison | Invented light bulbs |
| (2nd IR) Gottlieb Daimler | - Invented internal combustion engine & light engine - Gave a head start for automobile and aircraft developments |
| (2nd IR) Alexander Graham Bell | Invented telephones |
| (2nd IR) American System | - Economic plan - Protective tariffs - National banks - Internal improvements (roads, canals, etc.) |
| (2nd IR) Le Bon Marche | - Parisian department store - First department store |
| (2nd IR) Public Health Act (1875) | - Urban reformers implemented - Required buildings to have running water - Encouraged government officials to be involved - Clean water means less diseases like Cholera |
| (2nd IR) Baron Haussmann | - Transformed the city of Paris - Modernized it |
| (2nd IR) Universal Elementary Education | - Was beginning to be prioritized among Europeans - Liberals believed education was important for social improvement - As 2nd IR had more skilled jobs, it required people to be educated in order to fulfill those jobs |
| (2nd IR) Mass Leisure | - What people did for fun outside of work - Music & dance halls - Team sports |
| (2nd IR) English Football Association (1863) | - Sport club - Helped unite people with sports - Conditions were better than 1st IR so people could do things like this - Population increase explains this as well |
| (2nd IR) Henry Ford | - Mass produces engines with interchangeable parts - Able to happen due to 2nd IR inventions |
| (19. Cen. Pol.) Antisemitism | Hatred against Jewish people |
| (19. Cen. Pol.) The Dreyfus Affair (1895) | - Dreyfus, a Jew, found wrongfully guilty of "selling secrets" - Jews realize assimilation is not an option, resort to Zionism - Best example of antisemitism |
| (19. Cen. Pol.) Bismark's Alliances | - To maintain peace/status quo & keep France isolated - Avoid 2 front war - 1879 Dual Alliance with Austria - Aid each other in time of war |
| (19. Cen. Pol.) Napoleon III | - Gained support from French people - Used armies to seize control of government - In control of basically everything - Economic expansion & modernization - Liberalized regime |
| (19. Cen. Pol.) Crimean War (1854-56) | -Russia demanded Ottomans to protect Christian shrines -Ottomans said no so Russia occupied Moldavia & Wallachia -Ottomans declared war -Brits involved because scared Russia would profit from Ottomans weakness & could challenge them |
| (19. Cen. Pol.) More Crimean War | - Russia wants territory & takes advantage of "sick man" - British don't want B.O.P challenges - Brits get trade from Ottomans - Results in mobilization, photography, & exploding shells |
| (19. Cen. Pol.) Lord Tennyson | - Poet - Wrote "The Charge of the Light Brigade" - Celebrates British solders' bravery during Crimean War |
| (19. Cen. Pol.) Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) | - Creates new profession for women - Military hospital that flows in science, cleanliness, & saving people - Creates nursing schools - "Lady with the Lamp" saved lives |
| (19. Cen. Pol.) Italian Wars of Unification | -Revolutions of 1848-49 increased Italian Unification in Piedmont -Austria invaded Piedmont in 1859 -Revolt in Sicily against Borboun King in 1960 -Italy proclaimed by Piedmont in 1961 -Rome capital of Italy in 1870 |
| (19. Cen. Pol.) Camillo di Cavour | - Favored constitutional government - Pursued economic expansion after being prime minister in 1852 - Made an agreement with Napoleon III to ally - Needed French to challenge Austria -Provoked Austria to invade with idea that France will help (lie) |
| (19. Cen. Pol.) Giuseppe Garibaldi/Red Shirts | - Leader in southern Italy for unification - Raised army of red shirts - Daring tactics used - Sicily under his control until 1860 - Was trying to be stopped by Cavour - Accepted his defeat and retired after invasion from Piedmontese |
| (19. Cen. Pol.) Jean Henri Dunant | - Witnessed destruction of Italians wars unification - Wrote "A Souvenir of Solferino" which resulted in International Committee of Red Cross - Treated wounded, cross line treatment - Awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 1901 |
| (19. Cen. Pol.) Otto Von Bismarck (1815-98) | - Used realpolitik - German chancellor - Said Iron & Blood speech - Creates war with Austria - War is the solution for Germany - Authoritarian government better than representative |
| (19. Cen. Pol.) Realpolitik | - Using brute force to get what want - Power and reality based - No morals |
| (19. Cen. Pol.) German Wars of Unification | - 3 Phases - 1: Danish War (1864) - 2: Austrian War (1866) - 3: Franco-Prussian War (1870) - Result of German Unification could be WWI?? - Creating a common enemy |
| (19. Cen. Pol.) EMS Telegram (1870) | Manipulated document to trigger war between Prussia & France |
| (19. Cen. Pol.) Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) | - Result of EMS Telegram - War against France - France led by Napoleon III and is destroyed by Prussia - Germany founded in 1871 - France has to pay lots of money |
| (19. Cen. Pol.) Realism | - World should be viewed realistically - Rejected romanticism and focused on ordinary people - Applied to paintings and literature |
| (19. Cen. Pol.) Gustave Courbet | - Painted "The Stone Breakers" (1849) - Realistic portrayal of everyday life - Represented human misery - Road builders breaking stone - No glamour, dull colors to show dullness of job |
| (19. Cen. Pol.) Edouard Manet | - Painted 'The Picnic" (1863) - Real looking people - Not idealizing nudity |
| (Sci.) Charles Darwin | - Wrote "On the Origins of Species" (1859) - Emphasized his theory of evolution - Survival of species that can adapt more to the environment - Went against divine creation of Christians |
| (Sci.) Social Darwinism | - Racist idea that superior races should use force to dominate weaker races - Inspired by theory of evolution - Used as justification for New Imperalism |
| (Sci.) Positivism | -System that was knowledge based on scientific hierarchy and used enlightenment ideas -Math, sociology, human society, economics, anthropology, history, and social psychology -Pasteur, Mendeleev, & Blackwell used this for their scientific achievements |
| (Sci.) Albert Einstein | Relativity theory, which changed concept of space & time, making it relative to human experience |
| (Sci.) Friedrich Nietzsche | - Went against reasoning & Christianity - Advocated for "eliminating God" and creating one's own values - "God is dead" |
| (Sci.) Sigmund Freud | - Wrote "The Interpretation of Dreams" - Ideas about unconsciousness, id, ego, & super ego - Known psychoanalysis - Countered physics & Nietzsche - Human's don't really KNOW themselves |
| (New. Imp.) New Imperialism | - Tied with social Darwinism - Motivations were economic and racial - Religion was supposed to justify New Imperialism |
| (New. Imp.) Scramble for Africa | - European countries fighting over colonization of Africa - Wanting to be the most powerful - Led to oppression for population |
| (New. Imp.) The White Man's Burden | - Poem by Kipling - Idea that people need to civilize ignorant people - A religious argument to try and defend New Imperialism |
| (New. Imp.) Houston Stewart Chamberlain | - Wrote "Foundation of the Nineteenth Century" - Inspired by Social Darwinism - Said that Aryans were superior to other people by nature - Said that some races need to be slaves while others are free |
| (New. Imp.) Cecil Rhodes | - British imperialist in South Africa - Creates British colony for diamonds & gold |
| (New. Imp.) David Livingstone | - Famous explorer - Protestant missionary |
| (Tech.) Maxim Machine Gun | - Mobile - Continue fire - Disseminate charging enemies |
| (Tech.) Quinine | - 1850s - Medication that helped prevent malaria - Europeans could more safely enter African interior |
| (Tech.) Steamboats | Could now move more effectively into interior on rivers |
| (Tech.) Telegraph | Better communication for movement of forces/people |
| (New. Imp.) Weltpolitik | - Means "world politics" - Germany wants colonies (Weltpolitik) - Not for any resources but to keep up with France, Britain, & Russia |
| (New. Imp.) Moroccan Crisis (1905 & 1911) | - 1st: Crisis between German & Moroccans - Germans propose a conference & peacekeeping force - 2nd: German forces artificial crises in northern Africa to get colonies - Get Congo but still unhappy - Everyone now preparing for hypothetical war |
| (New. Imp.) British East Indian Company | - Hired Sepoys, who were Indian Troops that were subjected to extreme pollution when being shipped abroad - Epitome of New Imperialism |
| (New. Imp.) New Bullets | - New Enfield rifles covered in animal fat implemented - Supposed to be used by Sepoys, but went against Muslim & Hindu beliefs |
| (New. Imp.) Sepoy Rebellion (1857) | - Attempt at going against new Enfield rifles and mistreatment from imperialists - Silenced by powerful British forces with brutality |
| (New. Imp.) Indian National Congress | - Result of Sepoy Rebellion - India's national party - Spiritually led by Mahatma Ghandi |
| (Art.) Impressionism | - Painting things live to reject studios - Claude Monet's "Waterlilies" (1919) - Eduoard Manet's "A Bar at the Folies-Bergere" (1882) |
| (Art.) Post Impressionism | - Expanded impressionist ideas but expanded it by focusing on form - Paul Cezanne's "Large Bathers" (1906) - Vincent Van Gogh's "The Starry Night" (1889) |
| (Art.) Cubism | - Used geometry to create a reality & visual stimuli - Picasso's "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" (1907) - Picasso's "The Studio" (1927) |
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