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Lab Practical
final lab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| diaphysis (shaft) | cylinder of compact bone to provide leverage |
| epiphysis | the end of a long bone, usually larger in diameter than the shaft |
| epiphyseal plate | site for bone growth |
| periosteum | a dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones |
| perforating (Sharpey's) fibers | secure periosteum to underlying bone |
| articular cartilage | hyaline cartilage attached to articular bone surface |
| medullary cavity | cavity within the shaft of the long bones, stores fat |
| yellow marrow | soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones |
| red marrow | produces red blood cells |
| trabecular of spongy bone | branched networks of bone matrix found in epiphysis of long bones and in dipole of fat fibers |
| nutrient artery | larger artery that enters compact bone near the middle of the diaphysis |
| Perforating (Volkmann's) canals | larger canals that connect the central canals, oriented across bones and perpendicular to central canals |
| circumferential lamellae | a bony lamella that encircles the outer or inner surface of a bone |
| interstitial lamellae | remains of old osteons that broken down as bone grew and remodeled |
| concentric lamellae | layers of bony matrix around a central canal |
| Osteon | function unit of compact bone |
| central (Haversian) canal | longitudinal canal |
| Lacunae | small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes |
| osteocytes | mature bone cells, function to maintain surrounding bone |
| cancliculi | cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes, connect osteocytes to each other and the central canal |
| long bones | longer than they are wide, predominately compact bone |
| short bones | cube shaped |
| flat bones | generally thin, 2 wafer-like layers compact bone sandwich a thin layer of spongy bone, |
| irregular bones | bones that do not fall into the above categories of gross anatomy |
| sesamoid bones | special category of short bones formed within tendon |
| workman bones | tiny bones between cranial bones, not counted in the official 206 |
| frontal bone | anterior portion of the cranium, forms forehead |
| glabella | smooth area between the eyes |
| frontal sinus | cavity within the frontal bone |
| supraorbital foramen | passages for nerves and blood vessels |
| parietal bone | either of two skull bones between the frontal and occipital bones and forming the top and sides of the cranium |
| coronal suture | union between the parietal and frontal bones of the skull |
| sagittal suture | union between parietal bones |
| temporal bone | bone that forms parts of the side of the skull and floor of the cranial activity. |
| mastoid process | round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear |
| styloid process | pole-like process extending downwards from the temporal bone on each side of the skull |
| zygomatic process | a bridge-like projection that articulates with the zygomatic bone to form the zygomatic arch |
| mandibular fossa | the depression in the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible fits |
| squamous suture | between parietal and temporal bones |
| sphenoid bone | forms part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the orbit |
| ethmoid bone | forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit and the floor of the cranium |
| occipital bone | bone that forms the base of the skull |
| lambdoid suture | union between parietal bones and occipital bone |
| Maxilla bone | upper jawbone |
| palatine process | forms the anterior portion of the hard palate (roof) of the mouth also forms parts of the nasal cavity and eye orbits |
| aveolar margin of maxilla | inferior margin of maxilla containing the sockets for teeth |
| palatine bone | either of two irregularly shaped bones that form the back of the hard palate and helps to form the nasal cavity and the floor of the orbits |
| nasal bone | forms the bridge of the nose |
| zygomatic bone | arch of bone beneath the eyes that forms the prominence of the cheek |
| lacrimal bone | small fragile bone making up part of the front inner walls of each eye socket providing room for passage of the lacrimal ducts |
| inferior nasal conchae | the lowermost scroll-shaped bones of the sidewalls of the nasal cavity |
| vomer | forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum |
| mandible | lower jaw |
| mandibular condyle | articulation point of mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone |
| coronoid process | part of the mandible |
| ramus of mandible | vertical part of mandible |
| angle of mandible | a bony angle formed by the junction of the posterior edge of the ramus of the mandible and the inferior surface of the body |
| body of mandible | the horizontal portion of the lower jaw |
| alveolar margin of mandible | superior margin of the mandible |
| mandibular foramen | hole of the internal surface of the ramus, passage for cranial nerve V |
| mental foramen | paired holes of the anterior portions of mandible |
| external auditory meatus | ear hole |
| stylomastoid foramen | hole found in temporal bones between the styloid and mastoid process |
| internal acoustic meatus | a passage for CN VIII from the inner ear to the brain |
| foramen magnum | a large opening through the occipital bone through which the brain connects to the spinal cord |
| occipital condyles | articulate with first cervical vertebra |
| external occipital protuberance | bump on back of head |
| greater wing of sphenoid bone | forms part of cranial vault floor and wall of the orbit |
| lesser wing of sphenoid bone | form part of cranial vault floor |
| Stella turcica of sphenoid bone | houses the pituitary gland |
| sphenoid sinus | found deep within the skull behind the Ethmoid sinuses |
| pterygoid process | process of the sphenoid bone |
| crista galli | part of ethmoid bone |
| cribriform plate | horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone separates the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity |
| perpendicular plate | forms superior part of nasal septum |
| superior nasal concha | turbinate bone, projects from the ethmoid bone |
| middle nasal concha | turbinate bone, projects from ethmoid bone |
| incisive fossa | the depression between the mental eminence and the inferior incisor teeth |
| infraorbital foramen | opening under the orbit carrying the infraorbital nerves and blood vessels the nasal region |
| maxillary sinus | sinus on either side of the nasal cavity below the eyes |
| optic canal | allows the optic nerve to pass the eye |
| superior orbital fissure | gap in the orbit wall between greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone |
| inferior orbital fissure | gap in the orbit floor between maxilla and greater wing of sphenoid |
| foramen rotundum | passage for arteries and nerves |
| foramen ovale | passage for arteries and nerves |
| foramen spinosum | passage for arteries and nerves |
| foramen lacerum | passage for arteries and nerves |
| carotid canal | passage for interior carotid artery |
| jugular foramen | passage for jugular veins |
| hypoglossal canal | passage for CN XIII through occipital condyles |
| hyoid bone | U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles |
| body of vertebrae | the thigh disc shaped anterior portion which is the weggith bearing portion |
| spinous process | sharp, slender projection |
| transverse process | two lateral projections from the vertebral arch |
| intervertebral foramen | opening formed by the inferior and superior notches on the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae. |
| vertebral foramen | canal though the spinal cord passes |
| transverse foramen | openings in transverse process of cervical vertebrae for the passage of the vertebral artery and vein |
| odontoid process (dens) | process of the axis which passes through the vertebral foramen of the atlas |
| cervical vertebrae | C1-C7 |
| thoracic vertebrae | long spinal process oriented downwards |
| lumbar vertebrae | thick, short body more horizontal spinous process |
| sacrum | bone formed from five fused vertebrae at the base of the spinal column |
| medial sacral crest | remnant of the spinous process of the fused vertebrae |
| sacral alea | region of sacrum where it articulates with illum |
| sacral foramina | holes for passage of blood vessels and nerves |
| sacral canal | continuation of vertebral canal |
| sacral hiatus | inferior opening of the sacral canal |
| sacral promontory | anterior lip of the base of the sacrum |
| Coccyx | four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone |
| sternum | breastbone |
| manubrium | upper portion of the sternum |
| juglar notch | central indentation in superior border of manubrium |
| body of sternum | the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum |
| sternal angle | horizontal ridge across front of sternum where the manubrium joins the sternal body |
| xiphoid process | inferior portion of the sternum |
| head of rib | posterior end of a rib that articulates with the bodies of thoracic vertebrae |
| neck of rib | between head and tubercle |
| tubercle of rib | small bump on the posterior side of a rib for a articulation with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebrae |
| shaft of rib | the body of the rib |
| costal groove | groove of the inferior side of the rib shaft |
| true ribs | ribs 1-7 have a direct attachment to the sternum |
| false ribs | ribs 8-10 have an indirect attachment to the sternum via the cartilage of rib 7 |
| intervertebral discs | fibrocartilage pads that separate and cushion vertebrae |
| clavicle | collar bone |
| sternal end of clavicle | articulates with sternum |
| acromial end of clavicle | articulates with scapula |
| conoid tubercle | prominence on inferior surface of the lateral end of clavicle |
| scapula | shoulder blade |
| acromion | an extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder |
| coracoid process | process above the glenoid cavity that permits muscle attachment |
| suprascapular notch | serves as a nerve passageway |
| spine of scapula | separates the supraspinous and infraspinous fossae and ends in the acromion |
| infraspinous foss | origin of infraspinatus |
| supraspinous foss | origin of supraspinatus |
| glenoid cavity | socket in scapular that receives head of humerus |
| humerus | upper arm bone |
| head of humerus | articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula |
| anatomic neck | site for epiphyseal line |
| surgical neck | neck of the humerus that is prone to fractures |
| greater tubercle | large lateral prominence; site of the attachment of rotator cuff muscles |
| lesser tubercle | insertion of subscapularis |
| intertubercular groove | groove between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus |
| trochlea | articulates with the ulna |
| capitulum | articulates with the radius |
| coronoid foss | anterior depress that receives the coronoid process of the ulna during forearm extension |
| radial fossa | receives the head of the radius when the arm is flexed |
| olecranon fossa | located on the posterior side of the distal end of the humerus superior to the trochlea and articulates with the olecranon process of the ulna |
| radius | lateral bone of the forearm |
| head of radius | articulates with capitulum of humerus |
| neck of radius | narrowed region immediately distal to the head of the radius |
| radial tuberosity | insertion of biceps brachii |
| styloid process of radius | brachioradalis insertion |
| ulna | medial bone of the forarm |
| olecranon process | bony projection of the ulna at the elbow |
| coronoid process | insertion of brachialis |
| trochlear notch | articulates with trochlea of humerus |
| head of ulna | distal end of ulna |
| styloid process of ulna | stabilizes the wrist |
| carpal bones | wrist bones |
| scaphoid | some |
| lunate | lovers |
| triquetral | try |
| pisiform | positions |
| trapezium | that |
| trapezoid | they |
| capitate | can't |
| hamate | handle |
| metacarpals | bones of the palm |
| phalanges (hand) | fingers |
| coxal bone | hip bone composed of 3 parts: illium, ischium and pubis |
| ilium | part of hip bone |
| iliac crest | upper margin of iliac bone |
| iliac fossa | the board, slightly concave inner surface of the ilium |
| anterior superior iliac spine | the attachment for the inguinal ligament |
| anterior inferior iliac spine | organ of the rectus femoris |
| posterior superior iliac spine | poster projection of the iliac crest |
| posterior inferior iliac spine | bony projection located inferior to the posterior superior iliac spine |
| greater sciatic notch | allows blood vessels and large sciatic nerve to pass from the pelvis posteriorly into the thigh |
| auricular surface | articulates with the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint |
| ischium | the L-shaped posterior portion of the coxal bone |
| ischial spine | sharp posterior projection |
| ischial tuberosity | receives the weight of the body when sitting |
| ischial ramus | narrow portion of the bone that articulates with the pubis to form obturator foramen |
| lesser scratch notch | inferior to ischial spine |
| pubis | the medial anterior portion of the pelvis |
| ramus of pubis | articulates with ramus of ischium to form obturator foramen |
| pubic symphytsis | cartilaginous joint to which two pubic bones fuse together |
| acetabulum | socket formed by the fusion of pubis, ischium and ilium |
| obturator foramen | opening in hip bone formed by the pubic and ischial rami |
| femur | thigh bone |
| head of femur | articulates with the acetabulum |
| fovea capitis | pit in head of femur for attachment of ligaments teres |
| neck of femur | common fracture site |
| greater trochanter | a bony prominence of the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint |
| lesser trochanter | the projection of the medial/superior portion of the femur |
| linea aspera | site of muscle attachment of posterior side of femur |
| lateral condyle of femur | articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia |
| medial condyle of femur | articulates with medial condyle of the tibia |
| patella | kneecap |
| tibia | shin |
| lateral condyle of tibia | articulates with lateral condyle of femur |
| medial condyle of tibia | articulates with medial condyle of femur |
| tibial tuberosity | point where the patellar ligament attaches |
| meidal malleolus | distal process of medial tibial surface |
| fibula | the lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg, not weight bearing |
| head of fibula | proximal end of fibula |
| lateral malleolus | distal end of the fibula; forms outer part of the ankle |
| tarsal bones | ankle bones |
| metatarsal | foot bones |
| Talus | tiger |
| calcaneus | cubs - heel bone |
| navicular | need |
| medial cuniform | m |
| intermediate cuniform | i |
| lateral cuniform | l |
| cuboid | c |
| phalanges (foot) | toes |
| longitudinal arch | arch that runs along the medial side of the foot |
| transverse arch of foot | runs obliquely from one of the foot to the other |
| synarthrosis | immovable joint |
| amphiarthrosis | slightly moveable joint |
| diarthosis | freely moveable joint |
| bony joint | synostosis; an immoveable joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and the bones become a single bone |
| cartilaginous joint | adjoining bones united by cartilage |
| fibrous joint | consists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue |
| synovial joints | freely movable joints that have a joint cavity filled with a synovial fluid |
| gliding joint | type of synovial joint; allows one bone to slide over another - wrist and ankles |
| hinge joint | type of synovial joint which is formed between two or more bones where the bone can move along the axis to flex or extend - elbow knee |
| pivot joint | type of synovial joint which is formed between two or more bones where the bones can only move along the axis to flex or extend - elbow and knee |
| condylar joint | type of synovial joint: rotating bone turns around an axis - connection between radius/ulna |
| saddle joint | type of synovial joint: convex oval surface articulates with a concave oval surface |
| ball and socket joint | type of synovial joint allows movement in all 3 plants - hip and shoulder |
| gliding | two surfaces slides past each other; between carpal and tarsal bones |
| flexion | decreases the angle of a joint |
| lateral flexion | movement of trunk in a frontal plane |
| extension | increase angle between bones |
| hyperextension | extension beyond anatomical positions |
| abduction | movement away from the midline |
| adduction | movement towards the midline |
| medial rotation | rotational movement towards the midline |
| lateral rotation | rotation away from the midline |
| pronation | movement that turns the palm up |
| supination | movement that turns the foot inward |
| inversion | turning the sole of the foot inward |
| eversion | turning the sole of the foot outward |
| dorsiflexion | bending of the foot of the toes upward |
| plantar flexion | bends the foot downwards at the ankle |
| protraction | moving a body part forward |
| retraction | moving a body part backward |
| opposition | movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips |
| circumduction | circular movement of a limb at the far end |
| elevation | raising a body part |
| depression | lowering a body part |
| articular capsule | fibrous envelope that encloses a synovial joint |
| pronation | movement that turns the palm up |
| supination | movement that turns the foot inward |
| inversion | turning the sole of the foot inward |
| eversion | turning the sole of the foot outward |
| dorsiflexion | bending of the foot of the toes upward |
| plantar flexion | bends the foot downwards at the ankle |
| protraction | moving a body part forward |
| retraction | moving a body part backward |
| opposition | movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips |
| circumduction | circular movement of a limb at the far end |
| elevation | raising a body part |
| depression | lowering a body part |
| articular capsule | fibrous envelope that encloses a synovial joint |
| articular cartilage | covers the surface of bones where they come together to form a joint |
| fat pads | localized masses of the capisule |
| capsular ligament | ligaments within the wall of the capsule |
| intracapsular ligament | stabilizing ligaments located inside joint capsule (ACL) |
| extra capsular ligament | stabilizing ligaments outside joint capsule (LCL |
| synovial membrane | membrane lines inside of joint capsule except at actual articulates of articular cartilages. Secrets fluid to lubricate joints. |
| bursae and tendon sheaths | friction-reduction structures commonly associates with synovial joints |
| fibrocartilage pads | articular discs may be present within a capsule (meniscus) |
| quadriceps tendon | common tendon for quadriceps groups |
| medial meniscus | cartilage in the knee between the femoral condyle and medial tibial plateau |
| lateral meniscus | cartilage in the knee between the lateral femoral condyle and the lateral tibial plateau |
| muscle fiber | a muscle cell |
| sarcolemma | plasma membrane of a muscle fiber |
| T tubules | extensions of sarcolemma that penetrate deep into the muscle fiber enable action potential to penetrate interior of muscle |
| nuclei | many nuclei located below sarcolemma of one muscle cell |
| sarcoplasm | the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber |
| sarcoplasmic reticulum | endoplasmic reticulum of muscle, it stores calcium |
| terminal cisternae | enlarged end regions of sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| triad | one T tubule with terminal cistern on each side |
| myofibrils | bundles of myofilaments surrounded by T tubules and SR |
| myofilaments | protein fibers involved in muscle contraction |
| actin | thin filament in muscle contraction |
| tropomyosin | covers actin binding sites so myosin heads cannot bind |
| troponin | binds calcium during muscle contraction and pulls tropomyosin off actin filaments so myosis heads can bind to actin |
| myosin | thick filament in muscles contraction |
| myosin heads | bind to actin |
| sarcromere | contractile unites of muscles |
| z line | anchors the actin filaments |
| m line | anchors the myosin filaments |
| A band | dark band where myosis filaments are located |
| I band | light band where only actin filaments are located |
| neuromuscular junction | site where somatic motor neuron connects a skeletal muscle fiber |
| motor end plate | specific region where synaptic terminal of motor neuron synapses with one muscle fiber |
| motor unit | all the muscle fibers innervated by one motor neuron |
| epimysium | surrounds entire muscle |
| perimysium | surrounds fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers) |
| endomysium | surrounds individual muscle fibers |
| occipitals | O: occipital bone I: Galea aponeurotic A: pulls scap posteriorly |
| frontals | O: galea aponeurotic I: skin of eyebrows A: raise eyebrows |
| orbicularis oculi | O: frontal bones I: eyelid A: closes eyes |
| levator labii superioris | O: zygomatic bones I: upper lip A: raises upper lips |
| zygomatic major | O: zygomatic bone I: corner of mouth A: smiling muscle |
| zygomatic minor | O: zygomatic bone I: corner of mouth A: smiling muscle |
| risorius | O: masseter muscle I: angle of mouth A: pulls corner of lips laterally |
| depressor anguli oris | O: mandible I: angle of mouth A: pulls corner of mouth down and laterally |
| depressor labii inferioris | O: mandible I: skin of chin A: pulls lower lip inferiorly |
| mentalis | O: mandible I: lower lip A: protrudes lower lip |
| orbicularis oris | O: maxilla I: angle of mouth A: closes lips |
| diagstric | O: mandible I: hyoid bone A: elevates hyoid bone |
| mylohyoid | O: mandible I: hyoid bone A: elevates hyoid bone |
| Sternohyoid | O: clavicle I: hyoid bone A: depresses hyoid bone |
| platysma | O: deltoid I: mandible A: tenses skin of neck |
| Sternocleidomastoid | O: clavicle I: temporal bone A: flexion forward of the neck |
| anterior scalene | O: cervicle vertebrae I: first 2 ribs A: elevates 2 ribs |
| middle scalene | O: cervical vertebrae I: first 2 ribs A: elevates first 2 ribs |
| posterior scalene | O: cervical vertebrae I: first 2 ribs A: elevates first 2 ribs |
| masseter | O: zygomatic I: mandible A: closes the jaw |
| temporalis | O: temporal fossa I: mandible A: closes the jaw |
| pterygoids | O: sphenoid bone I: mandible A griding |
| buccinator | O: maxilla I: orbicularis oris muscle A: holds food between teeth |
| deltoid | O: clavicle I: humerus A: agonist for shoulder abduction |
| pectoralis major | O: clavicle I: humerus A: agonist for shoulder flexion |
| pectoralis minor | O: ribs I: scapula A: accessory muscle for respiration |
| serrates anterior | O: ribs I: scapula A: fixates |
| external intercostal | O: rib above I: rib above A: elevates rib cage |
| internal intercostal | O: rib below I: rib above A: depresses rib cage |
| Diaphragm | O: ribs I: central tendon of diaphragm A: breathing in air |
| supraspinatus | O: scapula I: humerus A: synergist for arm abduction |
| infraspinatus | O: scapula I: humerus A: lateral rotation of humerus |
| subscapularis | O: scapula I: humerus A: medial rotation of humerus |
| teres minor | O: scapula I: humerus A: lateral rotation of humerus |
| Teres major | O: scapula I: humerus A: adducts humerus |
| trapezius | O: occipital bone I: scapula A: extend head |
| levator scapulae | O: vertebrae I: scapula A: elevates scapula |
| rhomboids major | O: vertebrae I: scapula A: stabilizes scapula |
| rhomboids minor | O: vertebrae I: scapula A: stabilizes scapula |
| latissimus doris | O: vertebrae I: humerus A: agonist for shoulder extension |
| rectus abdominis | O: pubis I: ribs A: flexes vertebral column |
| external oblique | O: ribs I: pubis A: helps trunk rotation |
| internal oblique | O: ilium I: pubis A: helps trunk rotation |
| transversus abdominis | O: ribs I: pubis A: compress abdominal contents |
| triceps brachii | O: humerus I: ulna A: agonist for extension of elbow |
| biceps brachii | O: scapula I: radius A: agonist for flexion of elbow |
| brachialis | O: humerus I: ulna A: flex the elbow |
| brachioedialis | O: humerus I: radius A: synergist for flexion of the elbow |
| pronator teres | O: humerus I: radius A: pronation of forearm |
| flexor carpi radialis | O: humerus I: metacarpals (2nd & 3rd) A: flexion of wrist |
| palmaris longus | O: humerus I: palm of the hand A: flexion of wrist |
| flexor carpi ulnaris | O: humerus I: metacarpus A: flexion of wrist |
| extensor carpi ulnaris | O: humerus I: metacarpus A: extension of wrist |
| extensor digitorum | O: humerus I: phalanges 2-5 A: extension of fingers |
| extensor carpi radialis | O: humerus I: metacarpal A: extension of wrist |
| lliopsoas | O: illum I: femur A: powerful flexor of hip |
| gluteus maximus | O: illium I: femur A: extension of thigh |
| gluteus medius | O: illum I: femur A: abducts thigh |
| tensor fascia latae | O: illium I: femur A: flexes |
| rectus femoris (quadriceps) | O: illium I: tibia A: flexes the thigh |
| vastus medialis (quadriceps) | O: femur I: tibia A: extends the knee |
| vastus lateralis (quadriceps) | O: femur I: tibia A: extends the knee |
| sartorius (sweat shirt song) | O: illium I: tibia A: flexes the thigh |
| gracilis (dancer) | O: pubis I: tibia A: adducts |
| adductors | O: pubis I: femur A: adducts the thigh |
| Biceps femoris (hamstring) | O: ischium I: tibia A: extends the thigh |
| semitendinosus (hamstring) | O: ischium I: tibia A: extends the thigh |
| gastrocnemius (calf) | O: femur I: calcaneus A: plantar flexion |
| soleus | O: tibia I: calcaneus A: plantar flexion |
| fibularis (peroneus) | O: fibula I: metatarsal bones A: foot eversion |
| extensor digitorum longus | O: tibia I: phalanges A: extend the toes |
| tibialis anterior | O: tibia I: metatarsus A: dorisflexion |
| tibialis posterior | O: tibia I: tarsal A: foot inversion |
| poplitues | O: femur I: tibia A: unlocks the knee joint |
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