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AP European History
AP European History - Terms Outlines in Barrons Test Prep (TERMS)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Renaissance | "rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome. |
| Elizabethen Age | Queen Elizabeth I's reign (1558-1603) |
| Secularism | A doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations. |
| Christian Humanism | Human dignity, potential, and free will within a Christian framework. |
| Humanism | A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements. |
| Individualism | Importance of the individual and their rights, independence, and relationships with other individuals |
| Mannerism | Italian Ren art style. Balance, proportion, and harmony |
| Manorialism | Medieval. The lord owned the land, and peasants worked it in exchange for protection and the right to use a small plot of land |
| open-field system | Division of large fields into long, narrow strips that are not communal. |
| Usury | VERY high rates in banking. Popularized by the Medici family. |
| Mercantilism | Economic policy. Nations increased wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and *selling more goods than they bought.* |
| Deism | Enlightenment idea. There is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets. |
| Scientific Revolution | Intellectual movement. Planetary motion (Kepler and Copernicous) and other aspects of physics (Newton). Laid the groundwork for modern science. Reason over religon. |
| Crop rotation | Rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil. |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | (1494) Agreement between Portugal and Spain. Newly discovered lands to the west of the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain, and newly discovered lands to the east of the Atlantic would belong to Portugal. |
| Triangle Trade | Trade route between the Africa, America, and Europe. |
| columbian extange | The movement of people, food, livestock, and diseases between Europe and the New world. Disease wiped the natives. |
| Potosi and Zacatecas | Spanish (Now Mexican) silver mines |
| Encomienda | Spaniards gave colonists the right to collect tribute and forced labor from Indigenous people, in exchange for protecting them and teaching them Christianity. |
| Fall of Constantinople | Finally overcome by the Ottoman turks in 1453. |
| Viceroyality system | Large territory in the Spanish Empire ruled by a viceroy, who represented the king and acted as the top colonial authority. |
| Middle passage | Brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. |
| Protestant Reformation | A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. (MARTIN LUTHER) |
| Peace of Augsburg | A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany. princes choose what religon the place is. |
| Indulgances | Buy your way out of sin! |
| Diet of Worms | Pope Leo X excommunicated Martin Luther and banned his teachings |
| Spanish Inquisition | Priests told all of Spain to be christian and punished everyone who wasn't. (Hated Jews and Moors) |
| Huguenots | French Protestants |
| Council of Trent | Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings, banned indulgences. |
| Jesuits | Ignatius Loyola made it for teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. |
| Index of prohibited books | Books that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Church were banned. Possession was very punishable. (Luthers teachings) |
| 30 Years war | Bourbon (France) vs. Habsburg (Austria) War resulted from a conflict between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League in the Holy Roman Empire |
| War of the Three Henry's | This was the last of the wars over religious differences in France, between the Catholics (Henry III of France and Henry of Guise) and Protestants (Henry IV) |
| Edict of Nantes | 1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship. |
| Concordat of Bologna | 1516 - French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope over a council and obtained the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots. (Main point is ability to appoint bishops) |
| Divine right | Rulers authority is chosen by god |
| Commercial revolution/price revolution | Change in the economy at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price. |
| Glorious Revolution | James II gave up his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange (Dutch). |
| Roundheads | Supporters of the Parliament in the English Civil War |
| Cavaliers | a supporter of King Charles I in the English Civil War. |
| Baroque art | Art that applies naturalistic, REALIST styles and contrast with light and dark. Religious AND secular themes. Involved with ABSOLUTISM. |
| Discourse on Method | (Rene Descartes)- Used skepticism to come to the conclusion "I think, therefore I am" (Cogito, Ergo Sum) |
| Seven Years War | A global conflict between Great Britain and France. Went from Europe all the way to the new world. |
| Capitalism | An economic system based on private ownership of capital |
| The Enlightenment | A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason and looked back/was skeptical of previously accepted ideas and social institutions. |
| Physiocrats | Early advocates of laissez-faire economics |
| War of Spanish Succession | This was the war between France and Spain in order to unite the two states under one ruler, Phillip V. |
| Nine Years War | British soldiers joined a European alliance against French expansionism. (Louis XIV trying to extend French territory to the Rhine.) |
| Estate system or Ancien Regime | France was divided into classes- the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd estate. The 1st and 2nd estates were the clergy and nobility (paid no/little taxes), and the 3rd estate was everyone else (paid taxes) |
| National Assembly | A French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people. |
| Constitution of 1791 | Constitution created by the French Revolution that had a limited monarchy |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen | Declaration that said all men are born free and equal in rights. French rev. |
| Declaration of the Rights of Women | Olympe de Gouges. Women should have equal rights to men, women's responsibility to attain them. |
| March on Versailles | A group of women demanded bread and kidnapped King Louis XIV. |
| Declaration of Pillntz | Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II of Austria and King Frederick William II of Prussia, declaration that urged Europe to unite and restore the French monarchy |
| Bastille | fortress in Paris used as a prison; French Revolution began when Parisians stormed it in 1789 |
| Civil Constitution of the Clergy | Reorganized the Catholic Church in France, placing it under the control of the state. |
| Liberal Phase | The first phase of the French revolution where a constitutional monarch was established, nobility was abolished as a legal order along with guilds and monopolies, and the National Assembly attempted to reorder religious life (big mistake). |
| Radical Phase | Second phase of the French Revolution. Radicals gain control of National Assembly becoming the National Convention. The Monarchy is abolished, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette executed, Committee of Public Safety created, Reign of Terror |
| Napoleonic Code | Made the authority of men over their families stronger, deprived women of any individual rights, and reduced the rights of illegitimate children (Cuz his wife, Joséphine, was not super faithful lol). |
| Concordat of 1801 | This is the agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France by giving French Catholics free practice of their religion and Napoleon political power |
| Abolition of provinces and division of France into departments | 83 divisions were created to break up France's historical regions to erase cultural differences and build a more homogeneous nation. |
| Secret Police | The Committee of General Security. Robespierre used them to catch and "Anti-revolutionaries" for execution. |
| Nepotism | Favoritism to relatives (Important in the church and french military. Made Napoleon mad.) |
| Bourbons | Powerful family in France. They supported the Huguenot protesters to battle the Guises for political reasons. |
| Congress of Vienna | Meeting of European rulers in Austria post Napoleon getting exiled. Established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe. |
| Womens rule in the French revolution | While not granted full political rights, they engaged in various forms of activism, from demanding bread to forming political clubs and even engaging in violence. |
| Haitian Revolution | A major influece of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. |
| Industrial Revolution | A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production. Class struggle and reform. |
| Medieval common lands | Fenced off in the Enclosure Acts passed by English landowning aristocrats that dominated Parliament after the Glorious Revolution |
| Proletariat | working class |
| Child labor laws | laws that control the work that children are permitted to do |
| Factory Act of 1833 | An act that limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen years of age to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen years of age to twelve hours. |
| Mines Act of 1842 | Prohibited the employment of women and girls in underground coal mines and limited the employment of boys to those over ten years old |
| Ten hours act of 1847 | Limits the workday to 10 hours for women and children working in factories. |
| Bourgeoisie | middle class |
| Class consciousness | Awareness of one's rank in society |
| Utilitarianism | idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people |
| Socialism | Societal ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership. |
| Great reform bill | Reformed British house of Commons and expanded voting to more classes. Laid groundwork for further reforms in British constitution |
| Chartist Movement | Expand suffrage (the right to vote) to more people in Britain. |
| Revolutions of 1848 | Democratic and nationalist revolutions after the Congress of Vienna, when conservative monarchs were trying to keep power. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary, the revolutions failed. |
| Age of Metternich | Reactionaries ruled. Lots of opposition and revolt from countries trying to establish their own freedom such as Poland and Greece. |
| Crimean War | Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industrialize. |
| Greek war of independence | Greeks sought independence from control of the Ottoman Empire. Ottomans defeated Egyptian soldiers |
| Polish Rebellion | Nationalists attempted to overthrow Russian dominance in Poland. Russia crushed it and took control over Poland. |
| Decembrist Revolt in Russia | failed revolt by supporters of Czar Nicholas' brother Constantine, some were executed while others fled to Siberia, made new towns & cultural centers |
| July revolution in France | Overthrow of Charles X. Louis-Philippe came into power, transition of power from Bourbon to Orleans |
| Zollverein | The name of the free trade zone that the German states created in the early 19th century, decades prior to unification. |
| Emancipation of Russian Serfs | Required that the former serfs pay for their freedom in installments. |
| Carlsbad Decrees/Diet | Suppress liberalism and nationalism at universities by restricting freedom of the press, imposing university supervision, and banning nationalist student societies. |
| Prague Conference | Czechs in response to the all-German frankfurt conference, developed the nation of Austroslavism |
| Compromise of 1867 | created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary |
| Pan-Slavic movement | A Russian attempt to unite all Slavic nations into a commonwealth relationship under the influence of Russia |
| Concert of Europe | A series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions. |
| Unification (German and Italy) | |
| Austro-Prussian War | War between Austrian and Prussian resulting in the unification of the northern german states along with Austria out of German affairs |
| Franco-Prussian War | |
| Dreyfus Affair | Incident in France where a Jewish captain was tried for treason because they military was anti-Semitic, and it divided the country. |
| Realpolitik | Practical programs rather than moral or ideological considerations. |
| Breach loading gun/needle gun | Faster reloading and a higher rate of fire compared to muzzle-loaders. |
| Congress of Berlin | Assembly of representatives from Germany, Russia, Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire. Meeting was to reorganize the countries of the Balkans - led to greater nationalism. |
| Liberalism | A political ideology emphasizing individual rights, limited government, and laissez-faire economics (Free trade). |
| Pan-Slavism | A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877. |
| Romanticism | a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual. |
| Meiji Restoration | the modernization and industrialization of Japan in the 1800's |
| Realism | artistic representation that aims for visual accuracy |
| Impressionism | Style of art where painters try to catch visual impressions made by color, light, and shadows |
| Germ theory | the theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microbes |
| Antiseptics | Substances that prevent or inhibit the growth of microorganisms on living tissues. (CLEANER EUROPE!!!!!) |
| Anesthesia | Revolutionized Surgery. |
| Surplus Capital | money they could afford to invest for future profits |
| "White Mans Burden" | Poem and idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized |
| Social Darwinism | Human selective breeding for "Favorable" traits like race. |
| Sepoy Mutiny | Rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India |
| Open Door policy | American statement that the government did not want colonies in China, but favored free trade there |
| Suez Canal | A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea |
| Boxer Rebellion | Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country. |
| Zulu Resistance | Failed attempt by people of South Africa to resist foreign interference |
| Opium Wars | Wars between Britain and china caused by the Chinese government's refusal to let Britain import Opium. China lost and Britain and most other European powers were able to develop a strong trade presence throughout China against their wishes. |
| Russo-Japanese War | War between Russia and Japan. Japan wins and takes parts of Manchuria under its control. |
| Colonialism | Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory. |
| Berlin Conferance | Scramble for Africa. Didn't tell Africa they would divide it among European powers. |
| French-Algerian War | Brutal war of terrorism, guerilla warfare and torture, Algeria gets independence in 1962 |
| British East India Company | A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years. |
| Dutch East India Company | Joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies. |
| Quinene | Treats European infectious disease. |
| Algeciras Conference | International conference called to deal with the Moroccan question. French get Morocco, Germany gets nothing, isolated. Result is U.S, Britain, France, Russia see Germany as a threat. |
| Militarism | Glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war |
| Balkan Wars | Two wars that were fought over the last of the European territories of the Ottoman Empire and that left the area around Constantinople (now Istanbul) as the only Ottoman territory in Europe |
| Balkan Crisis | Rivalries among nationalist groups on the Balkan Peninsula |
| Moroccan Crisis | An attempt by Germany to split the British-French alliance and decrease French influence in Morocco which led to a threat of war. |
| WWI | A war fought from 1914 to 1918 between the Allies, Britain, France, Russia, and Italy, and the Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire. Germany got blamed and had heavy reparations. |
| Schlieffen Plan | Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare. |
| Rump parliment | |
| Gallipoli campaign | Failed attempt by the Allies in World War I to take control of the Dardanelles |
| Lusitania | A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans. |
| The fourteen points | Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I. |
| Treaty of Versailles | Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment. |
| Command economy | Government controls a country's economy. |
| Russian Revolution | The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the removal of Nicholas II and the creation of a temporary government. |
| USSR | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Created by Lenin |
| Constitutinal democrats (Kadets) | Far right political party in the Russian Empire. |
| Revolution of 1905 | Angry Russian factory workers and peasants. Emerging nationalist sentiment among the empire's minorities. |
| Duma | Russian legistaive or advisory |
| October Manifesto | Nic. II, attempted to quiet strikes, local revolts, promised freedom of speech and assembly, called the Duma into session |
| Bloody Sunday | peaceful march by russians turned deadly when Czar's guards fire on crowd, killing hundreds |
| Rasputin | Russian peasant monk who was able to influence Russian politics by gaining the confidence of the Czarina |
| March Revolution | Romanov dynasty was removed from power and replaced with the provisional government led by Alexander Kerenski |
| dictator of the proletariat | Lenin handed the government to the people, but soon realized he could not because the people were stupid |
| 5-year plans | Stalin's plan to build up Russia's military and industry |
| Farm collectivization | Collect the land and the government would redistribute it out to the people, it was not so successful, the people didn't like it. |
| Communes | Collective farms grouped together to organize farming and plan public services |
| The Purge Trials | Stalin was paranoid and convinced himself of plots within the party and government to unseat him. |
| Iron Curtian | Barrier separating the former Soviet bloc and the West prior to the decline of communism that followed the political events in eastern Europe. |
| Isolationalism | Avoiding involement in other nations affairs |
| Great Depression | the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash |
| Age of Anxiety | time between 1918 and 1950 when the meaning of life was being questioned around the world because of the brutality in World War I, impersonal attitudes, pessimism for future. |
| Stream of Consciousness | A style of writing that portrays the inner (often chaotic) workings of a character's mind. |
| Tariff Policies | Governments raise operating funds through taxes on imported goods. They place foreign merchants at a disadvantage. |
| Keynesianism | Government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation. |
| Surrealism | An artistic movement that showed dream worlds and unreal images. |
| Stock Market Crash | Stocks were sold quickly. Many lost their money. Biggest contributor to the Great Depression. |
| German Weimar Republic | Germany Between WWI and rise of the Nazi party. |
| Fascist | Member of a political party who supports extreme nationalism and a dictator |
| Weimar Constitution | Set up Germany's first democracy by providing for a directly elected president and parliament, setting up a senate, and providing a chancellor. |
| National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP or Nazi party) | Far-right political party in Germany. (You know the rest) |
| Mein Kampf | Book by Hitler. Basic book of nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsession |
| Nuremberg Laws | Placed severe restrictions of Jews, prohibited from marrying non- Jews, attending schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine or publishing books. (Think Nazi laws) |
| Holocaust | Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler |
| League of Nations | International organization promoting cooperation and peace among nations |
| Axis powers | Germany, Italy, Japan (WWII) |
| Allied powers | Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France (WWII) |
| Blitzkreig | "Lighting Wars." Quick warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939 |
| British Mandate System | Division of the former Ottoman Empire into colonies, without regard for the ethnic groups / religious groups living in the area. |
| Nonaggression Pact | Secret agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union not to attack one another and to divide Poland. |
| Atlantic Charter | Pledge signed by US and Britian not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII andd to work for peace after the war. |
| United Nations | International organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. |
| Armenian Genocide | Destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I |
| New technology of warfare | Improved cannons and artillery could fire great distances with accuracy. Poison gas, tanks, airplanes, and ubmarines |
| Superpowers | Nations stronger than other powerful nations (WWII-USSR and USA) |
| Cold War | US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years. |
| Marshall Plan | A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (Made Soviets feel like the US wanted control over their territory, which led to anger and COMECON) |
| Morgenthau Plan | Allied proposal to make Germany an farming state after WWII. Industry-rich areas would be annexed or put under international oversight. Heavy industry would be destroyed |
| Blockade of Berlin | USSR wanted to cut off supply lines to US. Responded with the Berlin Airlift. |
| Treaty of Maastricht | Created the European Union for economic unity |
| Balkan wars of 1990s | Followed the breakup of Yugoslavia, primarily driven by ethno-nationalist tensions and the want for independence by republics. |
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) | Nations that agreed to band together in the event of war and to support and protect each nation involved |
| Korean War | Conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea. |
| Baby boom | 30 million war babies were born between 1942 and 1950. |
| Schuman and Monnet plan | French and German coal and steel production under a Multinational authority. (ECSC) |
| The Geneva Summit | Meeting of Britain, France, US, and the Soviet Union to help resolve their (Mostly cold war) differences; Largely failed |
| Warsaw pact | Alliance of Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain. USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. |
| Prague Spring | Attempted liberation of Czechoslovakia |
| COMECON | (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) Oganization for economic cooperation in European Communist states. Response to US' Marshall plan. |
| European Economic Communtiy (EEC) | Promoted free trade and economic cooperation in Europe. |
| Paris Summit | Discuss the "brain drain" caused by people leaving East Berlin for the West and other tensions. It never happened because a U-2 plane was shot down, increasing U.S.-Soviet tensions |
| Common market | Group of countries that acts as a single market without trade barriers between member countries |
| Bay of Pigs | An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba that was sponsored by the United States. Wanted to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro. |
| Sputnik | The world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US. |
| Berlin Wall | A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany keep citizens from escaping to the West |
| Brezhnev Doctrine | Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need. |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba. |
| Truman Doctrine | Economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism. Mainly helped Greece and Turkey |
| Brain Drain | The loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries |
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