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AP Euro Unit 4
Terms and Important stuff from Unit 4 (Sci., Phy., & Pol. Developments)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| (Sci.) Copernicus (1473-1543) | - Wrote "On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres) - Theory: If sun is in center & earth revolves around it, mars appears to go backwards - Earth isn't center of heavens and it moves - Goes against Aristotle - Heliocentric ideas |
| (Sci.) Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) | - Wrote "The Starry Messenger" - Law: Everything accelerated by the same amount as it falls. Nature is explained with math, not faith - Improved telescope & pointed at stars - Saw things that went against bible (recorded in starry messenger) |
| (Sci.) Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) | - Had 3 laws 1. Speed further from sun slows down & vice versa 2. Elipses 3. Areas are equal, sun things revolving is math based - Used Brahae's work to develop ideas |
| (Sci.) Isaac Newton (1642-1727) | - Wrote "Principa" - Law of Gravity - Believed in "laws for nature" - Key figure in scientific revolution - World seen in mathematical terms |
| (Sci.) Paracelsus (1493-1541) | - Disease caused by chemical imbalances & could be cured by chemicals - Helped the medicine evolution |
| (Sci.) Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) | - Wrote "On the Fabric of the Human Body" - Practical, based on dissection of human body - Written to prove Galen wrong - Documenting skeletons, muscles, etc. |
| (Sci.) Margaret Cavendish (1623-1673) | - Wrote books on a number of scientific matters - Could not get a formal education so excluded from Royal Society - Attacked idea that science would make people masters of nature, people were a small part |
| (Sci.) Antoine Laviosier (1743-1794) | - Named chemical elements - Founder of modern chemistry |
| (Sci.) English Royal Society (1662) | - Scientific Academy - Paved way for new sciences - Essentially spreading & promoting ideas |
| (Enl.) Philosophe | intellects of enlightenment (Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau, Smith) |
| (Enl.) Coffee House | - Information exchanges - Associated with topics |
| (Enl.) The Spectator 1711 | - Improving manners, morals, & literature |
| (Enl.) Denis Diderot | - Wrote "The Encyclopedie" (classified dictionary of the sciences, arts, and trades) - Son of skilled craftsman from France; freelance writer - Wants to change general way of thinking - Attacked religious superstition, advocated toleration |
| (Enl.) Montesquieu (1689-1755) | - Came from French nobility; studied law - Wrote "The Spirit of Laws" - Applied scientific method to social & political arena - 3 basic kinds of government 1. Republics (smaller) 2. Monarchies (mid-size) 3. Despotism (empires that use fear) |
| (Enl.) Voltaire (1694-1755) | - Son of middle class family from Paris; studied law but wanted to write - France's best writer - Wrote "Candide" - Open attack on war & religion - "Crush the inferal thing" being religion |
| (Enl.) Jean Calas Affair | - Jean Calas was a protestant merchant sentenced to death after convicted of murdering one of sons that converted to Catholicism - Voltaire defended him |
| (Enl.) Adam Smith (1694-1774) | - Scottish philosopher & economist - Wrote "Wealth of Nations" - 3 principles of economics 1. All wealth is land 2. Attacks Merchantilism 3. State stay out of economics - Laissez Faire sums it up - Economic liberty of individuals |
| (Enl.) The Invisible Hand | - Takes care of environment (businesses) - Issue is nobody does it so it doesn't help |
| (Enl.) Thomas Hobbes | - Wrote "Leviathan" - Emphasized nature of man - Everybody desires the same things - Without power, anarchy happens - Leviathan represents state |
| (Enl.) John Locke | - Wrote "Two Treatises of Government" - Tabula rasa: clean state; man in a perfect state is happy - People need to give up some rights to protect rights (General will) |
| (Enl.) Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) | - From Geneva; studied music & classics; Paris introduced to philosophes - Wrote "The Social Contract" - Promotes democracy - Everybody born free but then enslaved - No private property belongs to everybody - General will is freedom |
| (Enl.) Thomas Paine | - Wrote "Age of Reason: Deism" & "Common Sense" - Advocated for separation of church & state - Wants humans to worship God in a pure form without any altering (church, priests, etc.) |
| (Enl.) Deism | the belief of God but not conforming to power & profit churches have over people; one's mind is their church |
| (Enl.) Rococo | - Fancy - Hazey - Gentle - Aristocratic life - Playful - Art style |
| (Enl.) Neoclassicism | - Strong - Powerful - Emphasizes classical topics - Moral seriousness - Patriotism & Honor - Art style |
| (Enl.) Calcio Storico | - Example of popular culture - An aggressive football game - Part of Florence culture |
| (Enl.) John Wesley | - Preacher - Emotion is religion - New sects - Open services |
| (18th cen.) Enlightened Absolutism | - New form of government - Rulers need to be flexible & give people rights - Monarchies ending - Unsuccessful form of monarchy - Joseph II wanted to use it but failed - Foreshadows revolution |
| (18th cen.) Frederick the Great (1740-1786) | - Had ideas of the philosophes but never acted on it - Reforms to improve education and military for Prussia - Outlawed torture except for treason & murder - Code of Law: general laws in territories - Took Silesia from Austria |
| (18th cen.) Junkers | - Nobility - Required to serve Prussian military - Can do anything to serfs |
| (18th cen.) Maria Theresa (1740-80) | - Empress of Austria - Lots of reforms - Lost Silesia to Prussia |
| (18th cen.) Joseph II | - Great failure - Gave peasants more rights - Religious but had religious tolerance - Reforms made but failed - Closest to being an enlightened absolutist but failed |
| (18th cen.) Catherine the Great (1762-1796) | - Leader of Russia - Had enlightened ideas - Had land reforms - Instructions to make all men equal |
| (18th cen.) Pugachev's Rebellion (1773-5) | - Lots of deaths - Against Catherine - Poor getting treated worse |
| (18th cen.) Balance of Power | system used to stop one state from dominating all other countries |
| (18th cen.) War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) | - Prussia took Silesia from Austria - Austria allies with Britain because weak - Peace Treaty of Aix la Chapelle ended war - Silesia stayed with Prussia but other territories returned |
| (18th cen.) Pragmatic Sanction | - Charles VI used Pragmatic Sanctions to allow daughter Maria Theresa to be acknowledged as a legitimate heir by foreign powers - Ignored by Frederick II & he took Silesia from Austria |
| (18th cen.) Seven Years War (1756-63) | - Happened after War of Austrian Succession - New allies formed (Prussia & Britain vs France, Austria & Russia) - 3 phases of the war at the same time: - Conflict in Europe - War in India - French & Indian war - Britain becomes rich and powerful |
| (18th cen.) Jethro Tull | - Invented seed drill - New way to plant seeds; prevents seeds from being lost to animals eating it; more crops can grow since drilled in - Invented hoe - Breaks up soil so seeds have more moisture and grow better; removes weeds faster |
| (18th cen.) 1694 Bank of England | - Introduced paper credit & loans - Had enough money to evolve businesses - Invest in companies (potential capital) - Led to more capital - Debt allowed people to spend more - Start of banking and investing - Adopted Dutch ways - Cheaper trading |
| (18th cen.) Cottage Industry | - Families in the country finish products by entrepreneur, take them to markets; families forced to work in factories because of industry |
| (18th cen.) Flying Shuttle | - Helped speed up cottage industry; instead of knitting does it in one swoop |
| (18th cen.) Water Frame | - Spinning machine powered by water that produced a cotton yarn suitable for warp |
| (18th cen.) Merchantilism | - Expand at expense of others (Dutch and French) |
| (18th cen.) Chapbooks & Grimm Stories | - Chapbooks: cheaper books focused on religious themes - Grimm Stories: Little red riding hood; moralistic tales to entertain |
| The Enlightenment | - Release from self caused inability to think for ones self - Popularization of science influenced people to think for themselves - Religious skepticism helped spread enlightenment - Philosophes: intellects of enlightenment |
| 18th Century Society & Culture | - Agricultural revolution, new industry, economy - Growth in population, greater number of goods - Social changes involving marriage & children - Urbanization & overpopulation - Attitudes towards peasants change |
| The Scientific Revolution | - Questioned medieval standpoints (religious) - Challenged conceptions & beliefs about reality - Transition into secular, rational perspective; definded modern mentality - Overturned centuries of authority in gradual manner - Printing press relevant |
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studytomakemoney
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