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AP Euro Unit 3
Terms and Important stuff from Unit 3 (Absolutism & Constitutionalism)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| (Eng. Con.) Stuarts, Divine Right (James I, Charles I, Charles II, James II) | -Stuarts: believed in divine right -Divine Right: belief of a leader appointed by God -James I: took the throne following Elizabeth I -Charles I: Hated by Puritans -Charles II: wanted money from parliament -James II: Fled to France (Glor. Rev.) |
| (Eng. Con.) Puritans | Protestant reform unit against Catholics |
| (Eng. Con.) English Civil War (1642-1649) | -Parliament vs English crown (Charles I) - Puritans advocated for war against Charles I - Charles defeated by Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army -After war, England became military dictatorship under Cromwell |
| (Eng. Con.) Oliver Cromwell | -Led New Model Army - England military dictatorship under him |
| (Eng. Con.) Thomas Hobbes | -Wrote "Leviathan" -Book said everyone should follow absolute rule of a leader because humans are naturally savages -Leviathan is sea monster representing: -People of the country as body, king as head - Inspired Cromwell |
| (Eng. Con.) John Locke | -Wrote Two Treatises of Government (1690) -Said humans were born with inalienable rights; government needs to protect those rights -Believed people born with tabula rasa (blank slate) -Experiences shape people -Beginning of human rights |
| (Eng. Con.) Glorious Revolution (1688) | - English Church raising army to remove James II from rule - James II & family fled to France - No bloodshed, hence the name - End of 17th century struggles between parliament & crown (no more divine right monarchy) - Beginning of constitutionalism |
| (Eng. Con.) Bill of Rights (1689) | -Written by men who controlled Glorious Revolution -Response to Stuart's absolutism -Says people have natural rights that can't be taken away -Protestants had rights to bear arms, worship, inherit throne, etc. |
| (30 yrs war) The Peace of Augsburg (1555) | Attempt to quell religious tensions but didn't include many religions |
| (30 yrs war) Protestant Union & Catholic League | -Tensions rose between them -Wanted to protect ideas from each other |
| (30 yrs war) Phases of the War | - Bohemian: civil war between Protestant Union & Catholic League - Danish: Catholics won battles - Swedish: King Adolphus helped protestants against Habsburgs -Franco-Swedish: French declared war on spain, didn't want Habsburgs back |
| (30 yrs war) Raison d'etat | -Means "Reasons of State" - Secular political norm in France - Pure Machiavelli politics - Betterment of state more important than loyalty to Catholic Church |
| (30 yrs war) Peace of Westphalia (1648) | -Insured all German states had freedom of religion -Made religion & state separate -Pope out of power -Ends 30 years' war -German states independent -France shifts to secular politics (raison d'etat) |
| (Fre. Abs.) Louis XIV- The Sun King | Pure Absolutist leader in France |
| (Fre. Abs.) Cardinal Richelieu | - Louis XIII's first minister -Wanted to centralize & strengthen French government -Repressed Huguenots because they created political instability -Intendants used for better control of small areas -Spies used to keep track of suspicious nobility |
| (Fre. Abs.) The Fronde | Uprisings caused by Mazarin's policies |
| (Fre. Abs.) Estates General (1614) | Wasn't called by Louis XIV because he didn't want nobles to have power |
| (Fre. Abs.) Divine Right | -Belief that kings were ordained by God & got laws from him -Idea used in Absolutism |
| (Fre. Abs.) Versailles | -Palace Louis XIV brought government affairs to so he could have control & distract them -In baroque style to impress foreigners & display power -Lots of amusements -Nobles expected to obey Louis XIV while at Versailles |
| (Fre. Abs.) Jean Baptiste Colbert | -Financial genius -Applied merchantilist policies for France - Made France richest in Europe |
| (Fre. Abs.) Baroque | - Versailles' style |
| (Dut. Gol. Age) Navigation Act 1651 | - Laws that controlled what's imported or exported from England (weakened Dutch) |
| (Dut. Gol. Age) Mercantilism/Bank of Amsterdam | - Mercantilism: economic policy designed to maximize exports & minimize imports for an economy - Bank of Amsterdam (1609): first investment bank; first to sell stocks; revolutionary |
| (Dut. Gol. Age) States General | -An assembly -Didn't like William of Orange - Constitutional |
| (Dut. Gol. Age) William of Orange | -Created House of Orange - Wanted to centralize control |
| (Rus, Pru, Aus) Peter the Great (1682-1725) | - Heir of Romanov (Russian Absolutist) - Wanted territory on the Baltic sea & Black Sea - Pursued secret agreement between Poland & Denmark - Great Northern War occurred (he won) - Advocated for westernization of Russia (mercantilist polices) |
| (Rus, Pru, Aus) Serfdom | -Peasants work for Junkers - Have no right to leave land - Reinforced social heirarchy |
| (Rus, Pru, Aus) Junkers | - Nobles powerful in Prussia - Favored Prussian monarchies - Treated peasants terribly -Dominated Prussia & Brandenburg |
| (Rus, Pru, Aus) Frederick Williams I | -Strengthened military -Prussia became highly militaristic state |
| (Rus, Pru, Aus) Ethnic Concerns in Austria | - Absolutism solidified control over many cultures - Too much diversity - Don't get along, so can't centralize |
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studytomakemoney
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