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AP Euro Unit 2
Terms and Important stuff from Unit 2 (Age of Reformation)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| (Ref.) John Wycliffe | - Differentiated transubstantiation and consubstantiation |
| (Ref.) Jan Hus | - Burned for his ideas in the Council of Constance |
| (Ref.) Erasmus | - Christian Humanist - Not humble (referred to himself as The Beloved) - Used satire to make a point (Julius II) - Dutch - Wrote "Praise of Folly", which depicted the Pope in a bad light and made fun of him; argued Pope doesn't deserve to be Pope |
| (Ref.) Printing Press | - Helped spread new ideas - 95 theses |
| (Ref.) Martin Luther | -Monk in early 1500s - Against Indulgences (free pass to heaven) - Wrote "95 theses" to criticize Catholicism; says Pope can't judge, money can't buy salvation, people need to follow Christ, not the Church |
| (Ref.) Transubstantiation | - Actual blood and body of Christ |
| (Ref.) Diet of Worms | - Assembly of the Holy Roman Empire - Luther appeared and was told to take back criticisms of the church but refused - Was excommuned |
| (Ref.) 1530 Diet of Augsburg | - Happened before the Peace of Augsburg - Helped determine it |
| (Ref.) Jean Calvin | - French lawyer & scholar - Took Luther's ideas & made it his own - Converted to Calvinism & wrote: "Institutes of the Christian Religion" - Calvinists believe in education - Replaced Lutheranism - Leader of Geneva to further expand |
| (Ref.) Predestination | - Idea that before you are born, fate is already decided |
| (Ref.) Anabaptists | - Baptism as adults |
| (Ref.) 1545-63 Council of Trent | - General council of Christianity - Located on the border of Germany & Italy - Makes peace - Meeting of Catholics - Started Catholic Reformation |
| (Ref.) Ignatius of Loyola (Jesuits) | - Loyal to the pope - Founded Jesuits |
| (Ref.) 1552-62 Civil war between Catholics and Protestants | - French civil wars |
| (Ref.) 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre | - Started at wedding between sister of Charles IX & Henry of Navarre - Guise family persuaded King & Catherine de Medici that Huguenots were a threat, massacre began - 3 days of killing, 3 thousand Huguenots killed - Henry of Navarre turned "Catholic" |
| (Ref.) War of the Three Henries (1582-1589) | - Henry III assassinated Henry of Guise, joined with Henry of Navarre |
| (Ref.) Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) | - Claimed throne to become Henry IV |
| (Ref.) Edict of Nantes 1598 | - Issued in 1598 - Acknowledged Catholicism as official religion of France but allowed Huguenots to worship in certain places - Stopped religious problems after war |
| (Ref.) Henry VIII | - Ordered Act of Supremacy |
| (Ref.) Elizabeth I | - Good leader for England - Woman and successful |
| The Peasant War | -1524 -Peasants angry & want rights (hunting, fishing) -Thomas Muntzer started this (ex follower of Luther) -Luther isn't happy with this (Writes "Against the Thieving & Murdering Hordes of Peasants" telling nobles to kill peasants) - 100-120k dead |
| The Schmalkaldic Wars | - Peace of Augsburg results from this war |
| Peace of Augsburg 1555 | - Result of end of Schmalkaldic Wars - Princes had to determine religion of where they control (Luther or Catholic) - Peace results in more war (other religions not included like Calvinism, Anabaptism, etc.) |
| Nobles of the Robe | - Newer - Less cool - Lower on chain |
| Nobles of the Sword | - Older - More prestigious - Higher on chain |
| Elizabethan Chain of Being | - Hierarchy that stretched from lowest members of society to God - If chains are broken, society cannot function (world goes in on itself) - Macbeth example of breaking the chains & its consequences |
| Carnival | - Doing insane things before lent - Strengthens community & lessened tensions - Carnival leading up to lent - Sin is made public |
| Charivari Stocks | - Both used to regulate public mortality - Charivari is community causing grief (instruments, march to house until person realizes their wrongdoing) - Stocks: devices with foot holes (feet and ankles locked in device) - Used as punishments |
| Joint Stock Companies | - People bought share in company - Received dividends on their investments - Made it easier to raise large amounts of capital for world trading - Overtook family businesses - Used mercantilist ideas |
| Amsterdam Exchange | - Stock exchange in Amsterdam - Facilitated trade for Dutch East India Company shares - Pioneered modern financial practices (stock trading) |
| Dutch East India Trading Company | - Established as base to supply food & other things to Dutch ships going to spice Island - Apart of economy changing - Trade between Dutch and south east Asia |
| English East Indian Trading Company | - Trading body for English merchants |
| Hammer of the Witches | - Written by 2 priests (James Sprenger & Henry Kramer) - Guidebook on how to detect witches - Used by Inquisition, Catholic Church, in Europe & New World - Stated women couldn't be trusted because they get satisfaction from devil & can't keep secrets |
| Querelle des Femmes | - Question of Women - Are women intellectually equal to men? |
| Mannerism | - Post renaissance art styles - Rejected ideas of renaissance - Everything correct but some distortions - Unnatural, grotesque style - El Greco master of mannerism (Resurrection 1600) - Parmigionio (Madonna with long neck) |
| Baroque | - Art style in 1600s - Shadows - Light & Dark used to emphasize emotion - Caravaggio: master of baroque (Conversion of St. Paul 1600) |
| (Rev.) Act of Uniformity | - Established to make sure religions don't have conflicts - Restored Book of Common Prayer & allowed old religious practices to have different interpretations (more political) - Part of Elizabethan Religious Settlement |
| (Rev.) Act of Supremacy | -Henry VIII wanted a divorce from wife without going to the pope -Act stated that Henry VIII was head of church -Created by Henry VIII -Beginning of Anglican church (established to remove pope's control of church) -In Elizabethan Religious Settlement |
| 16th Century Society & Politics | -Women less than men on hierarchy -Elizabethan Chain of Being can't be broken or chaos ensues -Carnival allows people to do insane things before lent, strengthening communities -Charivari & Stocks regulated morals -Agriculture -Witches |
| Catholic Reformation | -Catholic response to Protestantism -Addresses religious conflicts/issues -Society of Jesus obedient to Pope (fighting protestants) -Pope Paul III wanted to keep Christians united by Catholicism -Pope Paul IV wanted to separate both branches |
| Wars of Religion | -Calvinism & Catholicism major religions in 16th century -- conflicts -Huguenots threat to monarchy -Peasant war started from Religious Disagreements & ends in peasant massacre (100,000-120,000) -Elizabethan Religious Settlement so no conflicts |
| Cause of Reformation & Religious Wars | -Peasant War started from religion but also peasants trying to break hierarchy -Schmalkaldic Wars started from religious disagreements -Religious wars began over religious disagreements/monarchical power being taken away |
Created by:
studytomakemoney
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