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AP Euro Unit 1
Terms and Important stuff from Unit 1 (Exploration and Renaissance)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| (Exp.) Ottoman Turks | - Protected education - In charge of trade - Europeans wanted to bypass Ottoman Turks - Ptolemy map was gotten from Ottoman Turks (despite them having it since 8th century) |
| (Ren) Baldassare Castiglione | - Wrote Book of the Courtier - Promoted l'umo universale - Argument: must be good at everything to hang around wealthy people |
| (Ren.) Medici Family | - Wealth was based on family banking |
| (Ren.) Humanism | a way of life centered around people and not necessarily religion |
| (Ren.) Civic Humanism | humanism focused on their city |
| (Ren ) Secularism | No religion and everybody has different views |
| (Ren.) Individualism | People were able to have their own personalities and beliefs |
| (Ren.) Petrarch | - Italian scholar, poet, humanist - Wrote "Letter to Posterity" and "Laura loves sonnets" - Considered founder of humanism |
| (Ren.) Christine de Pizan | - First person to make money from writing - Wrote "Book of the City of Ladies": about how women contribute to intellectual life and recognizing them |
| (Ren.) Artemisia Gentileschi | - Painter - Painted herself beheading rapist - Made sure everybody knew what he did and to never forget |
| (Ren.) Italian Renaissance | - Rise in secularism, humanism, and individualism - Used Greek and Roman texts for new political and social ideas (mainly Greek) - L'umo universale promoted -"Free period", more education, thinking, writing, etc. |
| (Ren.) Northern Renaissance | -Northern artists took inspiration from Italy - Paintings were mostly landscapes with lots of figures, less powerful paintings - Used oil paints - Ideas build on Italian Renaissance |
| (Ren.) Machiavelli | - Civic humanist - Wrote "The Prince" to help leaders by encouraging them to learn about successful historical leaders - Says to be a good leader you can't be too much of a good person, you have to be bad sometimes |
| (Ren.) Giovanni Pico della Mirandola | - Civic humanist - Intellect - Wrote "Oration on the Dignity of a Man" which was about how humans had unlimited potentiality |
| (Ren.) War of the Roses | - 1450s civil wars in England - Named because Shakespeare created fiction about war using roses |
| (Ren.) Isabella of Castille & Ferdinand of Aragon | - Marriage between them unified Spain - Queen Isabella instituted Spanish Encomienda |
| (Exp.) Christopher Columbus | - Rejected by Portuguese, Queen Isabella of Spain financed his exploratory expedition - Thought Asia could be reached by sailing west instead of around Africa; new land found was Asia - Wanted gold and to convert natives |
| (Exp.) Encomiendas | - System used to allow Spaniards to use natives for labor - Means personal wealth -System was soon abolished after Bartolomeo de las Casas defended natives in publications |
| (Exp.) Conquistadors | - Spanish conquerors - Motivated by glory, greed, and religious crusading zeal - Cut off hands and feet of people (natives) not collecting enough silver |
| (Exp.) Treaty of Tordesillas | - Divided discovered world into Portuguese and Spanish influence - Doesn't consider natives to be equal, they are inferior |
| (Exp.) Hernan Cortez | - Described Tenochtitlan as "great city built in midst of salt lake" - Regarded place in a high manner - Overthrew Aztec Empire in Mexico |
| (Exp.) Aztecs | - Aztec Empire overthrown by Cortez - No immunity to disease - Smallpox ravaged the Aztecs |
| (Exp.) Quetzalcoatl | - Deity to Aztecs - Related to wind, air, and learning - God of Aztec Preisthood |
| (Exp.) Colombian Exchange | - Importation and exploration of plants and animals between Europe and Americas - Europeans bring horse, cattle wheat to New World in exchange for potatoes, chocolate, corn, tobacco, etc. - Brought diseases to each other (small pox;70-90% natives dead) |
| (Exp.) Irish Potato Famine | - 1-1.5 million starved (12%) - Emigration 1-2 million - Ireland never recovered |
| (Exp. )Dutch East India Company | -Established as base to supply food and other things to Dutch ships going to Spice Islands |
| (Exp.) Triangle Trade | - Used to exchange goods and slaves between coasts of Europe, Africa, and parts of Americas - 10% mortality when slaves went through Middle Passage - Slave trading apart of Triangle Trade - Mercantilism involved - 13 million slaves traded |
| (Exp.) Price Revolution | - Didn't benefit poor or governments - Benefits rich - Caused 2.3% increased inflation |
| (Exp.) Bartolomeo de Las Casas | - Defended natives in publication - Reason why Encomienda system was abolished - Wrote "Black Legend of Spain" to explain what Spain did to natives (1542) |
| (Exp.) Prestor John | - Myth about white Christian guy with big army in Africa |
| (Exp.) Mercantilism | - Belief of profitable trading - Selling more than buying - Idea that there are limited things - Caused conflicts and wars to increase - Focused on wealth of state - Used new world for resources to make home-made things |
| Getting over Middle Ages | - Limits of religion - Scholasticism (focus on Catholicism) - Black Death - War - Limited economic development |
| Slave Trade | - African slaves replaced European and Native slaves - Shipped to work on sugar cane plantations - Slaves went through middle of Triangle Trade with 10% mortality rate - Economic and political impacts of slave trade |
| Tech Advances & Age of Exploration | - Tech helped European exploration - Maps, axial rudder, lateen sails, compass, ships - Tech known to Arabs and Chinese first - Fantasy literature about "other world" sparked curiosity - Interested in reaching Asia (economic and religious motives) |
| Commercial Revolution | - Colombian Exchange increased agriculture in Europe - Price revolution causes inflation, increased food prices, and economic expansion - Population increase causes inflation; laborers standard of living decreases - Joint Stock companies increase |
| Rivals on a World Stage | - Treaty of Tordesillas divided discovered world into Portuguese and Spanish Influence - Portuguese focused on creating trading empire; Spaniards focused on colonization - Spanish had view of domination |
| Renaissance Discovery | - Renaissance means rebirth - Recovering from 14th century Black Death - Individuality emphasized - L'umo Universale - Greek and Roman ideologies (social, politcal, etc.) |
| (Ren.) L'Umo Universale | a well rounded and universal person capable of many achievements in life; a social ideal during renaissance |
| Expanding Economy | - Trade with Ottoman Empire - Silk Road - Emergence of Italian City States |
| Printing Press | - Produced standardized and definitive texts - Encouraged development of scholarly research - Ideas spread with printing - Increased desire to learn - Johannes Gutenberg: important person for printing |
| (Ren.) Dante | - Humanist - Wrote "The Divine Comedy - Emphasized human morality |
| (Ren.) Masaccio | - Painted "Tribute Money" - Revolutionized Florentine - Used perspective, lines. etc. - Shows some skin - All characteristics of Renaissance |
| (Ren.) Da Vinci | - Painted "The Last Supper" - Used perspective, geometry, etc. - Religious topics but have nothing to do with religion |
| (Ren.) Botticelli | - Painted "Primavera" - Nude figures, humanism |
| (Ren.) Michelangelo | - Made "The Pieta" - Name in sash to give himself credit, individualism |
| (Ren.) Raphael's School of Athens | Very classical & humanist painting |
| (Ren.) Romaesque Church | - Meant to intimidate - Built in shape of a cross, dark |
| (Ren.) Gothic Church | - Brighter, bigger, had more space for things - Stained glass |
| (Ren.) Albrecht Durer | - Painted a self portrait of himself - Individualism |
| (Ren.) Aldus Manutrius: Italics | Made pocket sized books using italics |
| (Ren.) Taille | French word for tax |
| (Ren.) Henry Tudor | Founder of Tudor dynasty |
| (Exp.) Marco Polo | - Wrote "Travels", documenting his trips - Inspired exploration - Went to east |
| (Exp.) Ptolemy's Map | - Ottoman Turks had it since 8th century - Europeans discovered it during 15th century |
| (Exp.) Vasco Da Gama | - Found India - Helped with trade routes (Spice Trade) |
| (Exp.) Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese explorer that went around the world |
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