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Nightingale
Anatomy Practice Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A surgeon removing a gallbladder should know to find it in the _____ region. | right hypochondriac |
| From smallest to largest, the levels of organization of the body are: organism, chemical, tissue, cellular, organ, system, organelle. chemical, microscopic, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism. organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, organ | chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism. |
| An x-ray technician has been asked to make x-ray films of the liver. Which of the abdominopelvic regions must be included? | Right hypochondriac, epigastric, and left hypochondriac |
| When many similar cells specialize to perform a certain function, it is referred to as a(n): | tissue |
| Two major cavities of the human body are: ventral/dorsal. inferior/superior. visceral/parietal. axial/appendicular. | ventral/dorsal. |
| The reproductive system includes all of the following except the: testes. ovaries. ureter. penis. | ureter |
| Popliteal refers to the: calf. ankle. cheek. area behind the knee. | area behind the knee. |
| The abdominopelvic cavity contains all of the following except the: stomach. pancreas. heart. reproductive organs. | heart |
| A plane through the body that divides the body into right and left sides is called: sagittal. frontal. coronal. transverse. | sagittal. |
| An organization of many similar cells that are specialized to perform a certain function is called a(n): tissue. organism. system. organ. | tissue. |
| An ionic bond is formed by: two or more positive ions combining. two or more negative ions combining. a positive and a negative ion attracting each other. sharing of a pair of electrons. | a positive and a negative ion attracting each other. |
| The study of metabolism includes examination of: catabolism. anabolism. ATP requirements. All of the above. | All of the above |
| Carbon has an atomic number of 6. The number of electrons found in the first shell is: two. four. six. eight. | two. |
| Acids: are proton donors. taste sour. release hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. All of the above are true of acids. | All of the above are true of acids. |
| Atomic mass is determined by the number of: protons and electrons. neutrons and electrons. neutrons, protons, and electrons. protons and neutrons. | protons and neutrons. |
| The octet rule refers to the: stability of the nucleus when the protons are in a multiple of eight. stability of the atom when there are eight electrons in the outermost energy level. stable configuration of the nucleus when there are eight more ne | stability of the atom when there are eight electrons in the outermost energy level. |
| The hydrogen isotope tritium consists of: one proton. one proton and one neutron. two protons and one neutron. one proton and two neutrons. | one proton and two neutrons. |
| Which of the following is not one of the major elements present in the human body? Oxygen Zinc Carbon Potassium | Zinc |
| The kind of element is determined by the number of: protons. neutrons. mesotrons. electrons. | protons. |
| Which of the following elements is least likely to combine with another element? Hydrogen Helium Oxygen Carbon | Helium |
| ATP production occurs within which organelle? Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Flagellum Mitochondrion | Mitochondrion |
| Which of the following is not a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? Provides a site for ribosome attachment Supplies membrane for use throughout the cell Makes steroid hormones Makes glycoproteins | Provides a site for ribosome attachment |
| Skin cells (epithelial) are held tightly together by: gap junctions. desmosomes. tight junctions. adhesions. | desmosomes. |
| The nucleolus is composed chiefly of: mRNA. rRNA. tRNA. DNA. | rRNA. |
| The inner membrane of what double-membrane structure is contorted into folds called cristae? Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome | Mitochondrion |
| Projections from the cell that move materials and mucus are called: cilia. flagella. microvilli. microtubules. | cilia. |
| Damage to the centrosome and centrioles in a cell would have the greatest impact on which cell function? Energy production Protein synthesis Cell division Synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates | Cell division |
| Which of the following is not true about ribosomes? Contain protein Composed of a large unit and a small unit Surrounded by a membrane structure Contain RNA | Surrounded by a membrane structure |
| The identification function of the cell membrane is carried out by the: cholesterol molecules. phospholipid molecules. glycoprotein molecules. channel proteins. | glycoprotein molecules. |
| Which of the following recognize and destroy non-self cells? Gland cells Immune cells Nerve cells Red blood cells | Immune cells |
| Which of the following tissues lack a direct blood supply and consequently heals very slowly? bone muscle adipose cartilage | cartilage |
| Which of the following contains intercalated disks? smooth muscle striated muscle cardiac muscle blood | cardiac muscle |
| The fluid environment that fills the spaces between the cells of the body is called? extracellular matrix. intracellular matrix. intercellular matrix. tissue matrix. | extracellular matrix. |
| Mesoderm interacts with endoderm and ectoderm to give rise to the heart. skeletal muscles. mesenchyme. all of the above None of the above | all of the above |
| Each hair follicle has a small bundle of involuntary muscles attached to it called the smooth muscle layer. microvilli. arrector pili muscle. dermal papillae. | arrector pili muscle. |
| The two major categories of body membranes are epithelial and connective. epithelial and glandular. connective and glandular. serous and cutaneous. | epithelial and connective. |
| Which of the following is not a primary germ layer? endoderm ectoderm mesoderm epiderm | epiderm |
| Which type of tissue has cube-shaped cells and can be found lining the kidney tubules? simple squamous epithelium stratified squamous epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium pseudostratified columnar epithelium | simple cuboidal epithelium |
| The epidermis is composed of several types of epithelial cells. One type, called keratinocytes, become filled with a tough, fibrous protein called | keratin. |
| The strongest and most durable type of cartilage is | fibrocartilage. |
| Which of the following is not a bone in the skull? clavicle parietal sphenoid ethmoid | clavicle |
| Which of these pelvic bones is the most anteriorly placed? pubis ischium ilium coccygeal | pubis |
| The joint between the pubic portions of each coxal bone is the sacroiliac. pubic symphysis. pelvic outlet. true pelvis. | pubic symphysis. |
| The largest sesamoid bone in the body is the | patella. |
| The vertebral bones that support the small (lower section) of the back are the | lumbar vertebrae. |
| The main shaft-like portion of a long bone is the | diaphysis. |
| The medial part of the anterior chest wall is supported by a dagger-shaped bone called the | sternum. |
| Anatomically speaking, which bones compose the wrist? | carpals |
| _____ fibers are present in all three types of cartilage, but they are most numerous in fibrocartilage. | Collagenous |
| Which bone is located on the posterior aspect of the skull. | occipital |
| The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. Which of the following is true? | The knee is acting as a fulcrum. |
| Muscles located on the lower leg move the: | foot. |
| The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. Its fibers run parallel to the body. Which of the following terms might be part of its name? Rectus Oblique Femoris Both A and C | Both A and C |
| In pushing (pressing) a weight from shoulder height to above the head, which of the following muscles is least utilized? Triceps brachii Biceps brachii Deltoid | Biceps brachii |
| Poor posture puts abnormal strain on bones and may eventually produce deformities. | True |
| Which of the following is not a muscle that moves the thigh? Adductor longus Gracilis Iliopsoas Sacrospinalis | Sacrospinalis |
| Skeletal muscles constitute approximately ____ of our body weight. | 50% |
| Which of the following is not a muscle of the quadriceps femoris group? Rectus femoris Biceps femoris Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius | Biceps femoris |
| Another name for a sphincter muscle is a _____ muscle. | circular |
| There are more than 600 muscles in the body. | True |
| The lymphatic system, like the circulatory system, is a closed circuit. | True |
| A neuron that transmits a nerve impulse toward the central nervous system is called a(n): | sensory neuron. |
| Which of the following is not a function of the central nervous system (CNS)? integrating sensory information Evaluating the information Initiating an outgoing response All of the above are functions of the CNS. | All of the above are functions of the CNS. |
| The nervous system is organized to do which of the following? Detect changes in the external environment. Detect changes in the internal environment. Evaluate changes in the environment. All of the above are true. | All of the above are true. |
| Neurons in the CNS have less chance of regenerating for all of the following reasons except: there is no neurolemma in cells of the CNS. astrocytes fill in the path of regrowth. microglia lay down scar tissue. All of these lessen the chance of he | All of these lessen the chance of healing in the CNS. |
| A neuron that has only one axon but several dendrites is classified as a _____ neuron. | multipolar |
| Regeneration of nerve fibers will take place only if the cell body is intact and the fibers have: | a neurilemma. |
| Which of the following compounds cannot cross the blood-brain barrier? | Dopamine |
| The efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system consist of the ________ nervous systems. | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| Small distinct regions of gray matter in the CNS are called: | nuclei. |
| Several “vital centers” are located in the: | medulla. |
| There are _____ ventricles in the brain. | four |
| The brainstem does not include the: | cerebellum. |
| All of the following cranial nerves have a functional classification of motor except: oculomotor. trochlear. vestibulocochlear. accessory. | vestibulocochlear. |
| A patient complains of numbness in the skin of the buttocks and the posterior surface of the thigh and leg. The spinal nerve or peripheral branch most likely involved with this condition is the _____ plexus. | coccygeal |
| The layer of the meninges that serves as the inner periosteum of the cranial bone is the: pia mater. arachnoid membrane. dura mater. None of the above is correct. | dura mater. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through the ventricles, into the central canal, and _____, and is absorbed back into the blood. | subarachnoid space |
| The autonomic nervous system includes only efferent neurons. | False |
| The areas specializing in language functions are found in the left cerebral hemisphere in what percent of the population? | about 90% of the population. |
| The main divisions of the central nervous system are the: | brain and spinal cord. |
| Which of the following endocrine glands develops primarily from the endoderm of the pharynx? | thyroid and parathyroids |
| Which of the following minerals is essential for the formation of thyroid hormone? | iodine |
| Receptors for hearing are located in the | cochlear duct. |
| Transparent structure of the eye containing regularly aligned collagen fibers. | cornea |
| Pyramid-shaped gland consisting of neural crest-derived cells and endocrine secretory cells. | adrenal gland |
| Pancreatic cell type that produces insulin. | beta cells |
| Melanin-containing layer of the eye's vascular tunic. | choroid |
| Endocrine gland of the thorax that is also important in immune function. | thymus gland |
| Which of the following statements does not correctly describe the spiral organ of Corti? | The tectorial membrane bends with vibrations, whereas the basilar membrane is rigid and fixed. |
| Region of the adrenal cortex that secretes DHEA. | zona reticularis |
| The term blood type refers to the type of blood cell | antigen. |
| A graphic record of the heart’s electrical activity is a(n) | ECG. |
| The type of membranous tissue that lines the heart and blood vessels is the | endothelium. |
| The bulk of the heart wall is the thick, contractile middle layer called the | myocardium. |
| In _____, blood moves from veins to other veins or arteries to other arteries without passing through an intervening capillary network. | vascular anastomoses |
| From which vessels do myocardial cells receive blood? | coronary arteries |
| Atria are often called _____ because they receive blood from vessels called veins. | receiving chambers |
| Renal veins drain blood from the | kidneys. |
| The outermost layer of the larger blood vessels is the tunica | adventitia. |
| The normal cardiac impulse that initiates mechanical contraction of the heart arises in the | SA node. |
| The size of lymph nodes varies from _____ mm to more than _____ mm in diameter. | 1; 20 |
| Hassall corpuscles are part of the: thymus. spleen. tonsils. thoracic duct. | thymus. |
| The lymph nodes located just above the bend of the elbow are called the _____ lymph nodes. inguinal axillary supratrochlear superficial cervical | supratrochlear |
| Which of the following is not a lymph organ? hymus Spleen Pancreas Tonsils | Pancreas |
| During their residence in the thymus, pre-T cells develop into _____, cells that proliferate as rapidly as any in the body. ytotoxic T cells antigen-presenting cells thymocytes memory T cells | thymocytes |
| About half of the lymph flowing through the thoracic duct comes from the: liver. small intestine. spleen. Both A and B are correct. | Both A and B are correct. |
| A type of blood cell produced by lymph nodes is called a(n) eosinophil. erythrocyte. neutrophil. monocyte. | monocyte. |
| Which of the following is a true statement? The wall of the lymphatic capillary consists of a multiple layer of flattened endothelial cells. Lymphatic and blood capillary networks are dependent on each other. Lymph from the entire body, except | Lymph from the entire body, except the upper right quadrant, drains eventually into the thoracic duct. |
| Each cortical nodule is composed of packed lymphocytes that surround a less dense area called a germ center. trabecula. lymph node. germinal center. | germinal center. |
| The lymphatic system, like the circulatory system, is a closed circuit. True False | False |
| The respiratory portion of the nasal passage is lined with a mucous membrane made up of _____ epithelium. stratified columnar pseudostratified columnar simple squamous simple columnar | pseudostratified columnar |
| The external openings to the nasal cavities can be referred to as: nostrils. anterior nares. external nares. all of the above. | all of the above. |
| The structure in the neck known as the “Adam’s apple” is the: epiglottis. cricoid cartilage. glottis. thyroid cartilage. | thyroid cartilage. |
| Which of the following lists the correct sequence of air as it passes through the nose into the pharynx? Vestibule anterior nares inferior, middle, and superior meatus posterior nares Inferior, middle, and superior meatus nostrils vestibule posterior | Anterior nares vestibule inferior, middle, and superior meatus posterior nares |
| Which of the following is true of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx? Their origin is the hyoid bone. They move the larynx as a whole. They serve in voice production. Both A and B are correct. | They serve in voice production. |
| Which of the following is not part of the respiratory membrane? Ciliated respiratory mucosa Alveolar epithelium Capillary epithelium All of the above are part of the respiratory membrane. | Ciliated respiratory mucosa |
| The small, leaf-shaped cartilage behind the tongue and hyoid bone is the: cricoid cartilage. thyroid cartilage. corniculate cartilage. epiglottis. | epiglottis. |
| The total number of lobes in both lungs is: 6. 5. 4. 3. | 5. |
| Olfactory epithelium is found: lining the nasopharynx. covering the superior turbinate. lining the paranasal sinuses. in all of the above. | covering the superior turbinate. |
| The lower border of the cavity of the larynx is formed by the: epiglottis. cricoid cartilage. glottis. thyroid cartilage. | cricoid cartilage. |
| The numerous small elevations on the surface of the tongue that support taste buds are called: cilia. rugae. villi. papillae. | papillae. |
| The fan-shaped projection of peritoneum that connects the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall is the: visceral peritoneum. greater omentum. lesser omentum. mesentery. | mesentery. |
| Which of the following organs has a mucosal layer that is composed of columnar epithelium with a brush border of microvilli to enhance absorption? Esophagus Large intestine Small intestine Stomach | Small intestine |
| The flap of tissue suspended from the midpoint of the posterior border of the soft palate is the: fauces. frenulum. uvula. gingiva. | uvula. |
| The walls of the GI tract are composed of ____ layers of tissue. two three four five | four |
| Which of the following is not an anatomical part of the small intestine? Duodenum Cecum Ileum Jejunum | Cecum |
| Which of the following organs has a mucosa layer composed of stratified squamous epithelium that resists abrasion? Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine | Esophagus |
| After leaving the stomach, food enters the: large intestine. small intestine. esophagus. rectum. | small intestine. |
| The more common term for deglutition is: chewing. swallowing. mechanical digestion. vomiting. | swallowing. |
| Surgical removal of the gallbladder is referred to as: cholelithiasis. cholecystitis. cholecystectomy. choledochorrhaphy. | cholecystectomy. |
| Which hormone tends to decrease the amount of urine produced? ANH Aldosterone ADH Both B and C | Both B and C |
| Approximately how much blood flows through the kidneys per minute? 500 ml 750 ml 1200 ml 3500 ml | 1200 ml |
| Of all the blood pumped per minute by the heart, approximately ____ goes through the kidneys. 1/5 1/3 1/2 3/4 | 1/5 |
| Which of these statements is not true of the kidney? The kidney is usually located next to the vertebrae from T12 to L3. The kidney is retroperitoneal. The kidney is protected by a heavy layer of fat. All of the above are true of the kidn | All of the above are true of the kidney. |
| The calyces of the kidney join together to form a large collection reservoir called the: renal columns. renal pyramids. renal pelvis. hilum. | renal pelvis. |
| The substance most often measured to determine normal kidney function is: creatinine. glucose. sodium. potassium. | creatinine. |
| The mechanism for voiding begins with: the relaxation of the internal sphincter. the contraction of the muscles of the bladder. the relaxation of the external sphincter. a parasympathetic impulse sent to the bladder. | the relaxation of the internal sphincter. |
| ADH has the greatest effect on the reabsorption of water in the: proximal tubule. ascending nephron loop. descending nephron loop. distal tubule. | distal tubule. |
| Substances travel from the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule by the process of: diffusion. active transport. filtration. osmosis. | filtration. |
| Urine is conducted from the kidney to the urinary bladder through a tube called the: renal column. renal pelvis. urethra. ureter. | ureter. |
| Which letter indicates the coronoid process of the mandible? A B C D E | D |
| In the male reproductive system, the essential organs of reproduction are called: seminal vesicles. testes. vasa deferentia. Cowper glands. | testes. |
| The greater vestibular glands are also called _____ glands. Bartholin Cowper Skene Huntington | Bartholin |
| The process of egg formation is called: ovulation. oogenesis. fertilization. germination. | oogenesis. |
| The region between the vaginal orifice and the anus is called the: mons pubic. labia majora. labia minora. perineum. | perineum. |
| Which of the following hormones causes ejection of milk into the mammary ducts, making it accessible for the infant? Progesterone Oxytocin Prolactin Estrogen | Oxytocin |
| Which of the following is not true of the vagina? It can act as a receptacle for seminal fluid from the male. It serves as the lower part of the birth canal. It is a passageway for urine. It acts as an excretory duct for uterine secretions. | It is a passageway for urine. |
| The uterus is suspended between two folds of parietal peritoneum that form a partition across the pelvic cavity. These ligaments are _____ ligaments. round uterosacral anterior and posterior broad | broad |
| Crystallized mineral chunks that develop in the renal pelvis or calyces are called gallstones. kidney stones. hydronephrosis. sodium stones. | kidney stones. |
| The capillary network that is fitted neatly into the glomerular capsule is the nephron. renal corpuscle. proximal convoluted tubule. glomerulus. | glomerulus. |
| Knot of capillaries that directs blood into the efferent arteriole. glomerulus cortical radiate arteries arcuate arteries peritubular capillaries afferent arterioles | glomerulus |
| _____ has a central role in the regulation of urine volume. ADH Aldosterone TSH Plasma | ADH |
| The _____ is a structure important in maintaining blood flow because it secretes rennin when blood pressure to the afferent arteriole drops. nephron loop collecting tube macula densa juxtaglomerular apparatus | juxtaglomerular apparatus |
| The principal organ of the urinary system is the liver. bladder. kidney. urethra. | kidney. |
| Urine is formed by the nephron by means of which three processes? filtration, secretion, and excretion filtration, reabsorption, and excretion filtration, reabsorption, and secretion reabsorption, secretion, and excretion | filtration, reabsorption, and secretion |
| The term that describes an inflammation of the bladder is hydronephrosis. urethritis. cystitis. nephritis. | cystitis. |
| The ureter of each kidney conducts urine inferiorly from the kidney to the urethra. bladder. prostate gland. calyx. | bladder. |
| Urine is formed by the nephron by means of which three processes? filtration, secretion, and excretion filtration, reabsorption, and excretion filtration, reabsorption, and secretion reabsorption, secretion, and excretion | filtration, reabsorption, and secretion |
| The mechanism for voiding urine begins with the voluntary relaxation of the internal sphincter muscle of the bladder. urethra. external sphincter muscle of the bladder. detrusor muscle. | external sphincter muscle of the bladder. |
| The branch of the abdominal aorta that brings blood into each kidney is the renal vein. renal artery. arcuate artery. interlobular artery. | renal artery. |
| The nephron loop reabsorbs water. sodium. chloride. all of the above. | all of the above. |
| Urine is approximately 95% nitrogenous wastes. electrolytes. water. hormones. | water. |
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