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ch.14 brain
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the major parts of the brain? | The major parts of the brain are the brain stem, diencephalon, cerebrum, and cerebellum. |
| What protects the brain? | The brain is protected by cranial bones and cranial meninges. |
| What are the three layers of cranial meninges? | The three layers of cranial meninges are dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. |
| What are the three extensions of the dura mater? | The three extensions of the dura mater are the falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and tentorium cerebelli. |
| How does blood flow to the brain? | Blood flows to the brain mainly via the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. |
| How is blood drained from the brain? | Dural venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular veins to return blood from the head to the heart. |
| What percentage of oxygen does the brain utilize? | The brain utilizes about 20% of the oxygen used by the entire body. |
| What can result from an interruption of the oxygen supply to the brain? | An interruption can result in weakening, permanent damage, or death of brain cells. |
| What is the blood-brain barrier (BBB)? | The BBB protects brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens by serving as a selective barrier. |
| What can breach the blood-brain barrier? | An injury to the brain due to trauma, inflammation, or toxins can breach the BBB. |
| What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? | The four CSF filled cavities are called ventricles. |
| What are the four CSF filled cavities within the brain called? | The four CSF filled cavities are called ventricles. |
| How does CSF contribute to hemostasis? | CSF provides mechanical protection, chemical protection, and circulation. |
| How is CSF formed? | CSF is formed by filtration from networks of capillaries called choroid plexuses. |
| What is the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier? | It permits certain substances to enter the fluid while excluding others, protecting the brain and spinal cord. |
| What happens if CSF cannot circulate properly? | It can lead to hydrocephalus, causing fluid buildup and increased pressure on the brain. |
| What is the medulla oblongata? | The medulla oblongata is continuous with the upper part of the spinal cord and contains portions of both motor and sensory tracts. |
| What cranial nerves originate from the medulla oblongata? | Cranial nerves VIII (cochlear and vestibular branches) through XII originate from the medulla. |
| What are the structural regions of the medulla oblongata? | The structural regions include the pyramids and the inferior olivary nucleus. |
| What is the role of the arachnoid villi in CSF circulation? | Arachnoid villi absorb most of the CSF, maintaining a constant CSF volume and pressure. |
| What condition develops if there is an obstruction in the CSF flow? | Hydrocephalus develops if CSF cannot circulate or drain properly. |
| What surgical intervention may help with hydrocephalus? | Surgically draining the ventricles and diverting the flow of CSF by an implanted shunt can help. |
| What is the result of the decussation of pyramids in the brain? | Neurons in the left cerebral cortex control skeletal muscles on the right side of the body, and neurons in the right cerebral cortex control skeletal muscles on the left side. |
| What is the function of inferior olivary neurons? | They relay impulses from proprioceptors to the cerebellum. |
| What are some vital reflexes regulated by nuclei in the medulla? | Heart rate, respiratory rate, vasoconstriction, swallowing, coughing, vomiting, sneezing, and hiccupping. |
| Why can injury to the medulla be serious? | Injury to the medulla can be fatal or lead to serious problems. |
| Where is the pons located in relation to the medulla? | The pons is located superior to the medulla. |
| What is one of the primary functions of the pons? | It relays nerve impulses related to voluntary skeletal movements from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum. |
| What group in the pons helps control respiration? | The pontine respiratory group. |
| What cranial nerves are associated with the pons? | Cranial nerves V through VII and the vestibular branch of VIII |
| What are the main functions of the midbrain? | It conveys motor impulses from the cerebrum to the cerebellum and spinal cord, sends sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the thalamus, and regulates auditory and visual reflexes. |
| What structures are found within the midbrain? | Cerebral peduncles, substantia nigra, and red nuclei. |
| Which cranial nerves originate from the midbrain? | Cranial nerves III and IV. |
| Which cranial nerves originate from the midbrain? | The cerebellum occupies the inferior and posterior aspects of the cranial cavity and consists of two hemispheres and a central vermis. |
| How is the cerebellum connected to the brain stem? | It is attached to the brain stem by three pairs of cerebellar peduncles. |
| What are the functions of the cerebellum? | Coordination of skeletal muscle contractions, maintenance of normal muscle tone, posture, and balance. |
| What clinical condition can result from injury to the cerebellum? | Ataxia. |
| What is the role of the thalamus in the brain? | It serves as a relay station for all sensory impulses, except smell, to the cerebral cortex. |
| What are some functions of the hypothalamus? | Regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns, eating and drinking, body temperature, and circadian rhythms. |
| What are the four major regions of the hypothalamus? | Mammillary, tuberal, supraoptic, and preoptic regions. |
| What does the pineal gland secrete, and what is its function? | It secretes melatonin to influence diurnal cycles. |
| What is the function of the habenular nuclei? | They are involved in olfaction, especially emotional responses to odors. |
| What is the composition of the cerebral cortex? | It is 2-4 mm thick, composed of gray matter, and contains billions of neurons. |
| What structures are found in the cerebral cortex? | Gyri (convolutions), fissures (deep grooves), and sulci (shallower grooves). |
| How are the cerebral hemispheres separated? | They are nearly separated by the longitudinal fissure. |
| What is the corpus callosum? | A bundle of transverse white fibers that allows communication between the right and left hemispheres. |
| How many lobes are in each cerebral hemisphere? | Each cerebral hemisphere is subdivided into four lobes. |
| What are the four main cerebral lobes? | Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. |
| What is the insula and where is it located? | The insula is a fifth part of the cerebrum located deep to the parietal, frontal, and temporal lobes, not visible from an external view. |
| What are the three principal types of fibers found in cerebral white matter? | Association fibers, commissural fibers, and projection fibers. |
| What is the function of association fibers in the brain? | They connect and transmit nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere. |
| What do commissural fibers connect? | They connect gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to the corresponding gyri in the opposite hemisphere. |
| What is the role of projection fibers? | They form ascending and descending tracts that transmit impulses from the cerebrum to other parts of the brain and spinal cord. |
| What is the claustrum and what is its potential function? | The claustrum is a thin sheet of gray matter lateral to the putamen, potentially involved in visual attention. |
| What are the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex responsible for? | They are concerned with the reception and interpretation of sensory impulses. |
| Name some important sensory areas of the cerebral cortex. | Primary somatosensory area, primary visual area, primary auditory area, primary gustatory area, and primary olfactory area. |
| What do the motor areas of the cerebral cortex govern? | Muscular movement. |
| What are two important motor areas in the brain? | The primary motor area and Broca's area. |
| What functions do association areas of the cerebral cortex serve? | They are involved in complex integrative functions such as memory, emotions, reasoning, judgment, personality traits, and intelligence. |
| What is aphasia and what causes it? | Aphasia is an inability to use or comprehend words, often resulting from injury to the association or motor speech areas. |
| What functions are associated with the right hemisphere of the brain? | Left-handed control, musical and artistic awareness, space and pattern perception, insight, imagination, and generating mental images. |
| How many pairs of cranial nerves originate from the brain? | Twelve pairs. |
| What is the function of the Olfactory (I) nerve? | It is entirely sensory and conducts impulses for vision. |
| What is the primary function of the Optic (II) nerve? | It is entirely sensory and conducts impulses for vision. |
| What do the Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), and Abducens (VI) nerves control? | They control the muscles that move the eyeballs and are all motor nerves. |
| What is Trigeminal (V) nerve classified as? | It is a mixed sensory and motor nerve. |
| What is a clinical connection associated with the Facial (VII) nerve? | Bell's Palsy. |
| What is the function of the Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve? | It is sensory and carries impulses for equilibrium and hearing. |
| What clinical conditions are associated with the Glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve? | Dysphagia, Aptyalia, and Ageusia. |
| What is the function of the Vagus (X) nerve? | It is a mixed sensory and motor nerve. |
| What clinical connection is associated with the Hypoglossal (XII) nerve? | Dysarthria and Dysphagia. |
| What age-related effects are observed in the nervous system? | Loss of neurons, decreased capacity for sending nerve impulses, diminished processing of information, decreased conduction velocity, slowing of voluntary motor movements, and increased reflex time. |
| What are the two principal types of cerebrovascular accidents (CVA)? | Ischemic (due to decreased blood supply) and hemorrhagic (due to a burst blood vessel). |
| What are common causes of cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs)? | Intracerebral hemorrhage, emboli, and atherosclerosis. |
| What characterizes a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)? | Abrupt onset of persisting neurological symptoms due to destruction of brain tissue (infarction). |
| What is a transient ischemic attack (TIA)? | An episode of temporary cerebral dysfunction caused by impaired blood flow to the brain. |
| What are common symptoms of a transient ischemic attack (TIA)? | Dizziness, weakness, numbness or paralysis in a limb or half of the body, drooping of one side of the face, headache, slurred speech, difficulty understanding speech, or partial loss of vision. |
| How long does a transient ischemic attack (TIA) usually last? | Usually only a few minutes, rarely lasting as long as 24 hours. |
| What can cause impaired blood flow leading to a TIA? | Blood clots, atherosclerosis, and certain blood disorders. |
| What is Alzheimer's disease (AD)? | A disabling neurological disorder characterized by widespread intellectual impairment, personality changes, and culminates in dementia. |
| What percentage of the population over age 65 is affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD)? | About 11%. |
| What are the three distinct structural abnormalities found in the brains of Alzheimer's disease victims? | Great loss of neurons in specific regions, amyloid plaques deposited outside neurons, and neurofibrillary tangles within neurons. |
| What is a common cause of death for individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD)? | Complications affecting bedridden patients, such as pneumonia. |
| What is a brain tumor? | An abnormal growth of tissue in the brain that may be malignant or benign. |
| What are the four main divisions of the brain? | Cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and diencephalon. |
| What are the parts of the diencephalon? | Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus. |
| Which cranial nerves have their origin in the medulla? | Glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), and hypoglossal (XII) nerves. |
| Which cranial nerves have their origin in the pons? | Trigeminal (V), abducens (VI), and facial (VII) nerves. |
| What is the function of the corpus callosum? | It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres, facilitating communication between them. |
| What vital reflex centers are located in the medulla? | Centers that regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rhythm. |
| What is the function of the arbor vitae in the cerebellum? | It is responsible for the coordination of voluntary movements. |
| What fissure separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum? | The transverse fissure. |
| What fissure separates the two cerebral hemispheres? | The longitudinal fissure. |
| Which area of the brain is a sensory relay station? | The thalamus. |
| Where is Wernicke's area located? | In the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus in the dominant hemisphere. |
| Where is Broca's area located? | In the frontal lobe, typically in the left hemisphere, near the lateral sulcus. |
| Which cranial nerve controls the lateral rectus muscle of the eye? | Abducens nerve (VI). |
| Which cranial nerve controls hearing and balance | Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII). |
| Which cranial nerve controls tongue movements during swallowing and speech | Hypoglossal nerve (XII). |
| Which cranial nerves carry impulses from the nasal mucosa to the olfactory bulbs? | Olfactory nerve (I). |
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