Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
ch.13 spine cord
ch.13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the protective coverings of the spinal cord? | The meninges and vertebra, along with cerebrospinal fluid. |
| What are the three layers of the meninges? | The outermost layer is the dura mater, the middle layer is the arachnoid mater, and the innermost layer is the pia mater. |
| What is the function of the subarachnoid space? | It carries cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). |
| What is a spinal tap? | A procedure to withdraw cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic purposes. |
| Where does the spinal cord begin and terminate in adults? | It begins as a continuation of the medulla oblongata and terminates at about the second lumbar vertebra. |
| What are the cervical and lumbar enlargements? | Regions of the spinal cord that serve as points of origin for nerves to the extremities. |
| What is the conus medullaris? | The tapered portion of the spinal cord from which the cauda equina arises. |
| How is the gray matter of the spinal cord shaped | It is shaped like the letter H or a butterfly. |
| What does the gray matter of the spinal cord consist of? | Cell bodies of neurons, neuroglia, and unmyelinated axons and dendrites of association and motor neurons. |
| What is the function of the white matter in the spinal cord? | It consists of bundles of myelinated axons of motor and sensory neurons. |
| What is the gray commissure? | The cross bar of the H-shaped gray matter that contains the central canal. |
| What is contained within the central canal? | Cerebrospinal fluid. |
| What are the two types of tracts in the spinal cord? | Sensory (ascending) tracts that conduct impulses toward the brain and motor (descending) tracts that conduct impulses down the cord. |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? | 31 pairs. |
| How are spinal nerves named and numbered? | According to the region and level of the spinal cord from which they emerge. |
| What types of spinal nerves are there? | 8 pairs of cervical nerves, 12 pairs of thoracic nerves, 5 pairs of lumbar nerves, 5 pairs of sacral nerves, and 1 pair of coccygeal nerves. |
| What is the role of spinal nerves? | They connect the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands, and are part of the peripheral nervous system. |
| What are the two roots of spinal nerves? | The posterior (dorsal) root contains sensory nerve fibers, while the anterior (ventral) root contains motor neuron axons. |
| What is the function of the posterior root ganglion? | It contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons from the periphery. |
| What is an endoneurium? | A connective tissue sheath surrounding a single axon. |
| What is a perineurium? | A connective tissue sheath surrounding a bundle of fibers (fascicle). |
| What is an epineurium? | A connective tissue sheath surrounding a bundle of fascicles, forming a nerve. |
| What are the branches of a spinal nerve called? | Rami |
| What are the four branches of a spinal nerve? | Dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, meningeal branch, and rami communicantes. |
| What are the anterior rami of spinal nerves T2-T12 known as? | Intercostal or thoracic nerves. |
| What do the intercostal nerves innervate? | Structures in the intercostal spaces. |
| What do the posterior rami of spinal nerves supply? | Deep back muscles and skin of the posterior thorax. |
| What do the ventral rami of spinal nerves, except T2-T12, form? | Networks of nerves called plexuses. |
| What does the cervical plexus supply? | Skin and muscles of the head, neck, upper part of the shoulders, and the diaphragm. |
| What happens if the spinal cord is damaged above the origin of the phrenic nerves (C3-C5)? | It causes respiratory arrest. |
| What is a clinical consequence of injuries to the phrenic nerves? | Breathing stops due to lack of impulses to the diaphragm. |
| What does the brachial plexus supply? | The upper extremities and several neck and shoulder muscles. |
| What are some nerve disorders resulting from brachial plexus injuries? | Erb-Duchene palsy, ulnar and radial injuries, wrist drop, claw hand, and winged scapula. |
| What does the lumbar plexus supply? | The anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitals, and part of the lower extremities. |
| What is the largest nerve arising from the lumbar plexus? | The femoral nerve. |
| What are the sacral and coccygeal plexuses responsible for? | They supply the lower limbs and pelvic region. |
| What is the function of the rami communicantes? | They connect the spinal nerves to the autonomic nervous system. |
| How do the names of nerves emerging from plexuses typically relate to their function? | They are often descriptive of the regions they supply or their course. |
| Which spinal nerves do not form plexuses? | The anterior rami of spinal nerves T2-T12. |
| What is the role of the meningeal branch of a spinal nerve? | It supplies the meninges and surrounding structures. |
| What is the significance of the cervical plexus in relation to cranial nerves? | It connects with some cranial nerves. |
| What is a common clinical connection associated with the brachial plexus? | Injuries can lead to specific conditions like claw hand or wrist drop. |
| What anatomical structures are involved in the distribution of spinal nerves? | Numerous blood vessels are within the coverings. |
| What areas does the lumbar plexus supply? | The anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitals, and part of the lower extremities. |
| What does the sacral plexus supply? | The buttocks, perineum, and part of the lower extremities. |
| What is the largest nerve arising from the sacral plexus? | The sciatic nerve. |
| What condition can result from injury to the sciatic nerve? | Sciatica, which is pain extending from the buttock down the back of the leg. |
| What are some causes of sciatic nerve injury? | Herniated disc, dislocated hip, osteoarthritis of the lumbosacral spine, pressure from the uterus during pregnancy, or improperly administered gluteal injection. |
| What are the two principal functions of the spinal cord? | 1. White matter tracts conduct nerve impulses to and from the brain. 2. Gray matter integrates incoming and outgoing information for reflexes. |
| What are the two main routes for sensory information traveling to the brain? | The spinothalamic tracts and the posterior column tract. |
| How does motor information travel from the brain to effectors? | Along two types of descending tracts: direct pathways and indirect pathways. |
| What is a reflex? | A fast, predictable, automatic response to changes in the environment that helps maintain homeostasis. |
| What are the two types of reflexes based on location? | Spinal and cranial reflexes. |
| What are the five functional components of a reflex arc? | 1. Sensory receptor 2. Sensory neuron 3. Motor neuron 4. Integrating center 5. Effector. |
| What is the purpose of reflexes in the body? | To maintain homeostasis by allowing rapid adjustments to imbalances. |
| What is the stretch reflex and its significance? | An ipsilateral reflex important for maintaining muscle tone and coordination during exercise. |
| What type of reflex arc is involved in the stretch reflex? | A two-neuron or monosynaptic reflex arc containing one sensory neuron and one motor neuron. |
| What does the tendon reflex prevent? | Damage to muscles and tendons as a result of stretching. |
| How does the flexor (withdrawal) reflex function? | It is an ipsilateral protective reflex that moves a limb to avoid pain. |
| What is the role of the crossed extensor reflex? | To maintain balance by causing synchronized extension of joints in one limb and flexion in the opposite limb. |
| What is the clinical significance of reflexes? | They are used for diagnosing disorders of the nervous system and locating injured tissue. |
| What may indicate damage along a conduction pathway? | An absent or abnormal reflex. |
Created by:
sofasophia
Popular Anatomy sets